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AutoCAD is a program that allows you to explore and visualize 3D concepts with a powerful set of intuitive design tools. Focus Mask Let Photoshop help you start a mask by automatically selecting the in-focus areas of your image. Focus Mask works great with potraits and other images that have shallow depth of field, and the Mercury Graphics Engine delivers fast performance.
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Upsampling preserves detail and sharpness without introducing noise, and now you get even more immediate results thanks to an OpenCL boost from the Mercury Graphics Engine.
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Improvements to Content-Aware technology New technology in Content-Aware Fill, Move, and Patch smoothly blends areas containing gradients, like skies, so you can create seamless, realistic results like never before. Smarter Smart Guides Forget trying to align multiple shapes or objects at exact distances from one another on canvas. Now you can quickly see the distance in pixels between objects so you can lay out content with precision.
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Using the Rapidgator link for the 64bt version, when extracting I only see the lite paf version. Am I using the wrong link? I would like the full 64 bit version please. Screenshot: Adobe Photoshop CC Previous: Registry First Aid Platinum Next: Google SketchUp Pro NET 4.
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Download Adobe Photoshop CC. Popular software for photo editing and manipulation. Virus Free When you download a trial copy of Adobe Photoshop, you get complete access to all its features and can try out the software for a few weeks or longer before deciding whether to invest your money in the program. Software to edit photos in Windows. Free photoshop cc download for laptop. Photo & Graphics tools downloads – Adobe Photoshop CC by Adobe Systems Incorporated and many more programs are available for instant and free download. Jun 19, · Download 75,+ premium assets from the new Adobe Stock Free Collection. Creative Cloud – Adobe CC Download Links – ALL Languages [U PDATE (Oct. ) – Some of these links still work to download the old CC replace.meted Reading Time: 7 mins. Download adobe photoshop cc exe file for free. Photo & Graphics tools downloads – Adobe Photoshop CC by Adobe Systems Incorporated and many more programs are available for instant and free download. Download adobe photoshop cc zip file for free. Photo & Graphics tools downloads – Adobe Photoshop CC by Adobe Systems Incorporated and many more programs are available for instant and free download.
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Microsoft office 2019 home vs professional free download

Microsoft Office and Microsoft give you access to the programs you need to work, play, and stay connected. From the power to create documents and presentations, to the ability to design database apps and stay in touch via email, Office simplifies the way you work online, and off.
What you might not realize, is that Office comes in a variety of versions designed for different needs, uses and microsofy. But before you buy, let’s compare Microsoft Office versions microsoft office 2019 home vs professional free download you can choose the right software for all the things you do.
In addition, microsoft office 2019 home vs professional free download automatically receive the latest Office updates including Officeand get 1TB of OneDrive cloud storage, free Microsoft Answer Desk support and 60 minutes of Skype calling per month.
Microsoft Personal : When you compare Office versions, Microsoft Personal gives you all the same great features you’ll find in Microsoft Businessbut on just one PC or Microsoft office 2019 home vs professional free download and one tablet device, instead of up to five of each.
Plus, because you’ll have access to your docs in the cloud whenever you need them, you can work when, how and where it suits you best. Professipnal for those times when collaboration is critical, you can even share documents and get your team microsofh the same page. Designed for продолжение здесь on one PC. Office Professional : Now you can do your best work — anywhere, anytime and with anyone.
In addition to the versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, and OneNote, Office Professional includes new iterations of Publisher and Access, which can help increase your productivity so you can do more in less time. Best of all, with your documents stored online, collaborating with teams around the downlload is easy. In general, when you compare Office vs. Microsoftthe most important thing to note is that Microsoft is always up to date, so you’ll never have to purchase upgrades or wonder if you’re using the most recent version.
Application availability and features that come with Microsoft vary by platform and device; current Microsfot application versions for Microsoft are Office for Windows and Office for Mac. Приведенная ссылка www. Calling to select countries only.
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Recover your password. Get help. Ug Tech Mag. Contents 0. Share this: Twitter Facebook. Write a Comment Email Required Name Required Website. With Microsoft Office, you get Microsoft Word used to create word documents. You get a Microsoft PowerPoint, which is used to create presentations. In total, there are seven productivity apps that Microsoft Office Brings.
Compared to its predecessors, Microsoft Office offers lots of new features. These are some of the key features of the latest Microsoft Office You can explore more features while using the office suite. Enter your Mac login password, if prompted, and then click Install Software. This is the password that you use to log in to your Mac. The software begins to install. Click Close when the installation is finished. If Office installation fails, see What to try if you can’t install or activate Office for Mac.
Click the Launchpad icon in the Dock to display all of your apps. The What’s New window opens automatically when you launch Word. Click Get Started to start activating.
If you need help activating Office, see Activate Office for Mac. If Office activation fails, see What to try if you can’t install or activate Office for Mac. Tip: Don’t see your issue listed? Try Troubleshoot installing Office for additional issues and their possible solutions.
Before you can install Microsoft or Office you need to associate it with a Microsoft account, or work or school account. If you have an Office for home product and bought Office at a retail store or online store, but don’t have a Microsoft account, it’s possible you haven’t redeemed your product key yet if you got one , or you missed the step for linking your recent purchase with an account. Do the following to link an account with Office.
For an Office for home product, go to office. Your account is successfully associated with Office when you see the page, My Office Account followed by your Microsoft account email address, and a button to install Office.
Select the PC or Mac tabs above to help you with the rest of the install process. If the Microsoft account or work or school account isn’t working, see I forgot the username or password for the account I use with Office. After signing in with your work or school account you don’t see an option to install the desktop applications on the Microsoft home page, go directly to the Microsoft Software page instead.
Select the language and bit-version you want PC users can choose between bit and bit , and then click Install. See Step 2 and 3 on the PC or Mac tabs above to help you with the rest of the install process. If you still don’t see an option to install Office on the Microsoft Software page, it’s possible your admin hasn’t assigned a license to you. Find out if you have a license to install Office. If you’re a student or teacher and your institution didn’t give you a license, find out if you’re eligible to Get Microsoft for free.
If you’re trying to sign in with your work or school account to www. To install Office, try signing in directly to the Microsoft Software page instead. See Steps 2 and 3 on the PC or Mac tabs above to help you with the rest of the install process. Not all versions of Office include a key, but if yours did, you need to redeem it before you can install Office. Follow the remaining prompts to finish linking your Microsoft account with this version of Office.
No product key or not sure if you need one? See Using product keys with Office. Note that you still get free Microsoft technical support for the duration of your subscription, even if you buy your subscription outside of Microsoft.
However, you miss out on Outlook, Publisher and Access. Microsoft Office is a productivity staple. Just be sure you have an Internet connection. But for heavy-duty productivity, the world is moving toward subscription-based software. Microsoft comes with more offerings than Office , monthly updates, the ability to share among multiple devices, plus a heaping 1TB of free cloud storage. She has a special affinity for gaming peripherals especially monitors , laptops and virtual reality.
Scharon Harding. Topics Microsoft. See all comments I’ll stick with my copy of office , Since it looks about the same as , is functionally identical for Microsoft’s “support” of office is beyond a joke considering Microsoft hasn’t significantly updated the suite or added meaningful features since As for Office , if your work isn’t already paying for your subscription and requiring you to use their cloud services, then you almost certainly don’t need it.
Yet again mentioning a third party key site that has had numerous shady problems around it as a source for legitimate keys. If Activation label stuck with MS Office , ignored it. Saya minta access permission dari akun google saya, belum dikonfirmasi min. Tolong dibantu, Terimakasih. Apa lisensi dah habis? Untuk masalah itu, sptinya banyak solusi di google gan. Sudah coba search google? Ada yang sama masalahnya? Min ini Update terbaru udh keluar min?
Permisi, saya udah ikuti stepnya tapi kok gini ya CScript Error: Windows Script Host access is disabled on this machine. Contact your administrator for details mohon bantuannya, terima kasih. Ini build paling terbaru gan.
Feb 21, · Microsoft Office Pro Plus Free Download. Microsoft Office Pro Plus supports free downloads for Windows, bit and bit. The arrangement record is completely independent and has a disconnected installer. Microsoft Office includes a number of innovative features, including standard development tools. Feb 12, · Microsoft Office Professional Free Download Full Version. Microsoft Office Full Version Free Download is a series of applications specifically designed to process data and numbers on PC replace.meation Bundles in the Office suite included MS Word, Excel, Power Point and several other software. Apr 02, · Microsoft Office has been made available for Windows 10 and macOS on September 24, Compared to its predecessors, Microsoft Office offers lots of new features. Let’s check out some of the new features of Office Microsoft Office lets you add SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) to documents, worksheets, and replace.mes: 9.
Unfortunately, there some bad news those of you use Windows 8, 8. Microsoft Office is only available for Windows 10 users and Windows Server for server machines. This means that Window 8, 8. There is one last essential thing you need to know about this new release.
Earlier, Microsoft used to provide free image downloads for their products which unfortunately they later cut off in Thanks to Heidoc that came up with a solution to this with the Windows Iso Downloader which provides all the downloads directly from Microsoft servers for free.
All you need to do is to download the Windows Iso downloade r from here. From the Product section of the tool, click on Office and select Office From the left, select the office edition you prefer. Compared to its predecessors, Microsoft Office offers lots of new features. These are some of the key features of the latest Microsoft Office You can explore more features while using the office suite. Before downloading the installation file, make sure to check the system requirements.
Proceed with the steps only if your PC meets the requirements. You can purchase a copy of Microsoft Office from the Microsoft Store or the official site.
You can purchase Microsoft Office from the below link. Purchase Microsoft Office To open an Office app, select the Start button lower-left corner of your screen and type the name of an Office app, like Word. If you have Windows 8. Can’t find your Office apps? When the Office app opens, accept the license agreement. Office is activated and ready to use. Note: The Activation Wizard appears if Office has trouble activating. Complete the steps in the wizard to finish activating Office.
Note: If you bought Office for personal use through your company’s Microsoft HUP benefit, you may not be able to sign in here. From the Microsoft home page select Install Office if you set a different start page, go to aka.
Note: Don’t see an install option after signing in? Once the download has completed, open Finder, go to Downloads , and double-click Microsoft Office installer. Tip: If you see an error that says the Microsoft Office installer. On the first installation screen, select Continue to begin the installation process.
Review the software license agreement, and then click Continue. Select Agree to agree to the terms of the software license agreement. Review the disk space requirements or change your install location, and then click Install. Note: If you want to only install specific Office apps and not the entire suite, click the Customize button and uncheck the programs you don’t want. Enter your Mac login password, if prompted, and then click Install Software. This is the password that you use to log in to your Mac.
The software begins to install. Click Close when the installation is finished. If Office installation fails, see What to try if you can’t install or activate Office for Mac. Click the Launchpad icon in the Dock to display all of your apps. The What’s New window opens automatically when you launch Word. Click Get Started to start activating.
If you need help activating Office, see Activate Office for Mac. If Office activation fails, see What to try if you can’t install or activate Office for Mac. Tip: Don’t see your issue listed? Try Troubleshoot installing Office for additional issues and their possible solutions.
Before you can install Microsoft or Office you need to associate it with a Microsoft account, or work or school account. If you have an Office for home product and bought Office at a retail store or online store, but don’t have a Microsoft account, it’s possible you haven’t redeemed your product key yet if you got one , or you missed the step for linking your recent purchase with an account. Do the following to link an account with Office. For an Office for home product, go to office.
Your account is successfully associated with Office when you see the page, My Office Account followed by your Microsoft account email address, and a button to install Office. Select the PC or Mac tabs above to help you with the rest of the install process.
If the Microsoft account or work or school account isn’t working, see I forgot the username or password for the account I use with Office. After signing in with your work or school account you don’t see an option to install the desktop applications on the Microsoft home page, go directly to the Microsoft Software page instead.
Select the language and bit-version you want PC users can choose between bit and bit , and then click Install. See Step 2 and 3 on the PC or Mac tabs above to help you with the rest of the install process.
If you still don’t see an option to install Office on the Microsoft Software page, it’s possible your admin hasn’t assigned a license to you. But customer service may be lacking more on that later. Remember, to use Office , you need to be running Windows But before you take out credit card, let’s talk about the reasons you might want to avoid these retailers. You may be more hesitant to buy from key reseller website like Kinguin. Many question their legitimacy or morality behind such deals.
To learn more about its Office , we spoke with Kinguin directly. Kinguin does reserve its right not to accept any returns of already delivered items or game keys to protect itself from scams. Regardless, we’ve heard of customer complaints regarding slow customer service or the company offering refunds rather than dealing with individual complaints. We haven’t been able to get in touch with Kinguin for a response.
Instead, you can only access these services with an internet connection. You also have to have a Microsoft account. You can get to Office Online by signing in with your Microsoft account here. Once you do so, you have access to free Office tools. Plus, since everything is internet-based, you can access it from any computer connected to the web. Free Office Online may not be a good fit for your largest or most complex projects, since features are more limited than what’s offered in Microsoft It has less menu options.
For example tabs like Draw and Design are missing from Word online.
We all know that most Microsoft products are not free for download from their official site. Many of you have heard about the release of Microsoft office Microsoft released Office on 24th September both for Windows and Mac users. In this article, I will be sharing you how to download free Microsoft Office This will work for all MS office editions. Visit Windows Insider Program for more information about the program.
Microsoft Office is a great improvement from the previous release Microsoft Office It includes many enhanced features which include the Spreadsheet compare in Excel for comparing spreadsheets, the Database compare in Publisher for comparing databases.
These are powerful features that will improve productivity in both business and personal tasks. Microsoft PowerPoint also features cinematic presentations with morph and zoom features. Microsoft office is good news for the Microsoft fans.
Unfortunately, there some bad news those of you use Windows 8, 8. Microsoft Office is only available for Windows 10 users and Windows Server for server machines. This means that Window 8, 8. There is one last essential thing you need to know about this new release.
Earlier, Microsoft used to provide free image downloads for their products which unfortunately they later cut off in Thanks to Heidoc that came up with a solution to this with the Windows Iso Downloader which provides all the downloads directly from Microsoft servers for free.
All you need to do is to download the Windows Iso downloade r from here. From the Product section of the tool, click on Office and select Office From the left, select the office edition you prefer. After selecting the preferred edition. Select a product language and then click Download. Office ProPlusRetail. Sign in. Forgot your password?
Password recovery. Recover your password. Get help. Ug Tech Mag. Contents 0. Share this: Twitter Facebook. Write a Comment Email Required Name Required Website. SEE IT. Check it out. Check It Out.
Download Office 2019 From Microsoft: $149.99.Microsoft office 2019 home vs professional free download
Aug 24, · There is a perpetual version (desktop or standalone version) that is a one-time purchase. Office comes in three editions (as noted above), Home and Student for Pc/Mac, Home and Business for Pc/Mac and Microsoft Office Professional. The desktop versions are significantly different than Office Feb 21, · Microsoft Office Pro Plus Free Download. Microsoft Office Pro Plus supports free downloads for Windows, bit and bit. The arrangement record is completely independent and has a disconnected installer. Microsoft Office includes a number of innovative features, including standard development tools. Compare Microsoft Office features for PC and Mac on the official Microsoft Store. Look at Office Home and Business versus Professional editions.
Feb 21, · Microsoft Office Pro Plus Free Download. Microsoft Office Pro Plus supports free downloads for Windows, bit and bit. The arrangement record is completely independent and has a disconnected installer. Microsoft Office includes a number of innovative features, including standard development tools. Aug 24, · There is a perpetual version (desktop or standalone version) that is a one-time purchase. Office comes in three editions (as noted above), Home and Student for Pc/Mac, Home and Business for Pc/Mac and Microsoft Office Professional. The desktop versions are significantly different than Office Apr 02, · Microsoft Office has been made available for Windows 10 and macOS on September 24, Compared to its predecessors, Microsoft Office offers lots of new features. Let’s check out some of the new features of Office Microsoft Office lets you add SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) to documents, worksheets, and replace.mes: 9.
If you have previously downloaded and installed MS OfficeI highly recommend you update to the latest Microsoft Office now.
This version is indeed a little tricky because sometimes, the license from is http://replace.me/16017.txt on the microsoft office 2019 home vs professional free download label. Profesxional you have installed MShomme in the activation screen, it shows Officewell it is very reasonable and there are no problems with it actually. I have tried this software but yet to find a significant update. There are improvements ofcourse, but all посетить страницу источник them are about bugs and crashes fixing.
On the otherhand, the Design, appearance and user interface still tend to be 219 same as the previous version. There are some new tools that you can try later. Do bome want to try this software before updating officially? Get Microsoft Office free download full version now. File Size : 3.
Bang Yasir…. Terima kasih. Contact your administrator for details. Setelah klik Install Office, getting things ready, kok habis itu hilang dan tidak ada apa2 ya?
Setelah itu kembali lagi ke menu utama. Kalau di klik lagi Install Office, berulang lagi seperti itu. Itu diblok sama Windows defender sama antivirus gan coba disable dulu antivirus dan windows devender.
Kadangkala memang begitu. Apanya yang gak bisa bro? Mungkin pas download kena Limit GDrive makanya jadi error. Atau Детальнее на этой странице belum di update ke versi 5. Ini build numbernya berapa kak, apakah yang terbaru?
Atau misalnya ada yang terbaru bisa update lewat office ini gak? Setup File Fs : mso19ofx64v Full Setup Size microsofg 3.
Setup Type : Offline Installer with Crack. Latest Release Added On : February 12th, Optimized for new generation laptops. Add a lot of Office capabilities. Implementation by the Microsoft App-V simulator. Ability to process vector images SVG. New downlkad and windows 10 0xc00000f ssd free download in Excel.
Added Focus Mode to Word. Turn off Antivirus нажмите сюда Windows Defender. Extract files with Winrar v5. Run OInstall. On the right panel, select Microsoft Microsoft office 2019 home vs professional free download Then click the Install Office button.
Then click Activate Office. Wait until all completed and microsoft office 2019 home vs professional free download. Finish hime Enjoy! Informasi : Only for Windows 10 users. Win 7 microsoff 8 users, open ReadMe. If Activation label stuck with MS Officeignored it. Saya minta access permission dari akun google saya, belum dikonfirmasi min.
Tolong dibantu, Terimakasih. Apa lisensi dah habis? Untuk masalah http://replace.me/5506.txt, sptinya banyak solusi di google gan. Sudah coba search google? Ada yang sama masalahnya? Min ini Update terbaru udh keluar min? Permisi, saya udah ikuti stepnya tapi http://replace.me/11404.txt gini ya CScript Error: Windows Script Host access is disabled on this machine.
Contact your administrator for details mohon bantuannya, terima kasih. Ini build paling terbaru gan. Hmm kayanya gak bisa deh kalau update online.
Apr 02, · Microsoft Office has been made available for Windows 10 and macOS on September 24, Compared to its predecessors, Microsoft Office offers lots of new features. Let’s check out some of the new features of Office Microsoft Office lets you add SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) to documents, worksheets, and replace.mes: 9. Feb 12, · Microsoft Office Professional Free Download Full Version. Microsoft Office Full Version Free Download is a series of applications specifically designed to process data and numbers on PC replace.meation Bundles in the Office suite included MS Word, Excel, Power Point and several other software. Feb 21, · Microsoft Office Pro Plus Free Download. Microsoft Office Pro Plus supports free downloads for Windows, bit and bit. The arrangement record is completely independent and has a disconnected installer. Microsoft Office includes a number of innovative features, including standard development tools. Compare Microsoft Office features for PC and Mac on the official Microsoft Store. Look at Office Home and Business versus Professional editions. Office Home & Student: Microsoft Office features new, modern versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote that are designed to help maximize your productivity and give you rich authoring features, design controls for pixel-perfect layouts and intuitive tools to help you make the most of your data. Plus, because you’ll have access.
Compare Microsoft Office Editions – Microsoft Store.Sign me up
Feb 21, · Microsoft Office Pro Plus Free Download. Microsoft Office Pro Plus supports free downloads for Windows, bit and bit. The arrangement record is completely independent and has a disconnected installer. Microsoft Office includes a number of innovative features, including standard development tools. Apr 02, · Microsoft Office has been made available for Windows 10 and macOS on September 24, Compared to its predecessors, Microsoft Office offers lots of new features. Let’s check out some of the new features of Office Microsoft Office lets you add SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) to documents, worksheets, and replace.mes: 9. Jan 01, · How to download Microsoft Office for free. Earlier, Microsoft used to provide free image downloads for their products which unfortunately they later cut off in Thanks to Heidoc that came up with a solution to this with the Windows Iso Downloader which provides all the downloads directly from Microsoft servers for free. Some versions of Office such as Office Professional Plus , Office Standard , or a stand-alone app such as Word or Project don’t have an associated Microsoft account, or work or school account. The steps to install these versions can be different depending if you got Office through one of the following ways. Aug 24, · There is a perpetual version (desktop or standalone version) that is a one-time purchase. Office comes in three editions (as noted above), Home and Student for Pc/Mac, Home and Business for Pc/Mac and Microsoft Office Professional. The desktop versions are significantly different than Office
Before you begin, make sure your PC or Mac meets the system requirements. If you are reinstalling Office, you have already redeemed a product key, or you are installing Office at work or school and know you have a license, then go to the section sign in and install Office on your PC or Mac.
However, if this is the first time you’re installing Office, you may have some pre-installation steps to do first. Expand the Learn more section below for more info.
If this is the first time you’re installing Office, you may have to complete a set of pre-installation steps first or you may need to follow different steps than what’s contained below. What you do depends if your copy of Office is an Office for home or an Office for business product and whether or not you have a product key you have to redeem, an existing account associated with Office, or a pre-assigned license.
Office for home. Go to office. Redeeming your key is what adds your Microsoft account to Office and you only have to do this once. If you’re renewing an Microsoft subscription with a new product key, use the same Microsoft account you previously associated with your expired version subscription.
Tip: Once this is done, anytime you need to install or reinstall Office you can go straight to the next section, Sign in to download Office and select the tab for help to install on a PC or Mac. Be sure to sign in with the same Microsoft account you used to redeem your product key at office. If your Office for business subscription plan includes the desktop version of the Office apps you won’t see an option to install it unless someone in your organization assigned a license to you.
Learn how to check this in What Microsoft business product or license do I have? Once you verify you have a license, anytime you need to install or reinstall Office you can go straight to the section below, Sign in to download Office and select the tab for steps to install on a PC or Mac.
You’ll sign in with your work or school account for these versions of Office. Some versions of Office such as Office Professional Plus , Office Standard , or a stand-alone app such as Word or Project don’t have an associated Microsoft account, or work or school account. The steps to install these versions can be different depending if you got Office through one of the following ways:. Volume license versions : IT departments might use a different method when installing Office for people in their organization.
Talk to your IT department for install help. Third-party seller : You bought Office from a third-party and you’re having problems with the product key. Go to www. Go to login. Go to portal. Sign in with the account you associated with this version of Office. This account can be a Microsoft account, or work or school account.
I forgot the account I use with Office. After signing in, follow the steps that match the type of account you signed in with. You signed in with a Microsoft account. You signed in with a work or school account. From the home page select Install Office If you set a different start page, go to aka. From the home page select Install Office If you set a different start page, go to login.
From the home page select Install Office If you set a different start page, go to portal. The bit version is installed by default unless Office detects you already have a bit version of Office or a stand-alone Office app such as Project or Visio installed. In this case, the bit version of Office will be installed instead.
To change from a bit version to a bit version or vice versa, you need to uninstall Office first including any stand-alone Office apps you have such as Project of Visio. Once the uninstall is complete, sign in again to www. See Install Visio or Install Project if you need to reinstall those stand-alone apps. Once the uninstall is complete, sign in again to login. Once the uninstall is complete, sign in again to portal.
This completes the download of Office to your device. To complete the installation, follow the prompts in the “Install Office” section below.
Tip: Don’t see an install option after signing in? There could be an issue with your account. Select Need help? If you see the User Account Control prompt that says, Do you want to allow this app to make changes to your device?
Your install is finished when you see the phrase, “You’re all set! Office is installed now” and an animation plays to show you where to find Office applications on your computer. Select Close. If you’re having an installation issue such as Office taking long to install, try Need help? To open an Office app, select the Start button lower-left corner of your screen and type the name of an Office app, like Word.
If you have Windows 8. Can’t find your Office apps? When the Office app opens, accept the license agreement. Office is activated and ready to use.
Note: The Activation Wizard appears if Office has trouble activating. Complete the steps in the wizard to finish activating Office. Note: If you bought Office for personal use through your company’s Microsoft HUP benefit, you may not be able to sign in here. From the Microsoft home page select Install Office if you set a different start page, go to aka. Note: Don’t see an install option after signing in?
Once the download has completed, open Finder, go to Downloads , and double-click Microsoft Office installer. Tip: If you see an error that says the Microsoft Office installer. On the first installation screen, select Continue to begin the installation process. Review the software license agreement, and then click Continue. Select Agree to agree to the terms of the software license agreement.
Review the disk space requirements or change your install location, and then click Install. Note: If you want to only install specific Office apps and not the entire suite, click the Customize button and uncheck the programs you don’t want.
Enter your Mac login password, if prompted, and then click Install Software. This is the password that you use to log in to your Mac. The software begins to install.
Click Close when the installation is finished. If Office installation fails, see What to try if you can’t install or activate Office for Mac. Click the Launchpad icon in the Dock to display all of your apps.
The What’s New window opens automatically when you launch Word. Click Get Started to start activating. If you need help activating Office, see Activate Office for Mac. If Office activation fails, see What to try if you can’t install or activate Office for Mac.
Tip: Don’t see your issue listed? Try Troubleshoot installing Office for additional issues and their possible solutions. Before you can install Microsoft or Office you need to associate it with a Microsoft account, or work or school account.
If you have an Office for home product and bought Office at a retail store or online store, but don’t have a Microsoft account, it’s possible you haven’t redeemed your product key yet if you got one , or you missed the step for linking your recent purchase with an account. Do the following to link an account with Office. For an Office for home product, go to office. Your account is successfully associated with Office when you see the page, My Office Account followed by your Microsoft account email address, and a button to install Office.
Select the PC or Mac tabs above to help you with the rest of the install process. If the Microsoft account or work or school account isn’t working, see I forgot the username or password for the account I use with Office.
After signing in with your work or school account you don’t see an option to install the desktop applications on the Microsoft home page, go directly to the Microsoft Software page instead.
Select the language and bit-version you want PC users can choose between bit and bit , and then click Install. See Step 2 and 3 on the PC or Mac tabs above to help you with the rest of the install process. If you still don’t see an option to install Office on the Microsoft Software page, it’s possible your admin hasn’t assigned a license to you. Find out if you have a license to install Office. If you’re a student or teacher and your institution didn’t give you a license, find out if you’re eligible to Get Microsoft for free.
If you’re trying to sign in with your work or school account to www. To install Office, try signing in directly to the Microsoft Software page instead. See Steps 2 and 3 on the PC or Mac tabs above to help you with the rest of the install process.
Not all versions of Office include a key, but if yours did, you need to redeem it before you can install Office. Follow the remaining prompts to finish linking your Microsoft account with this version of Office. No product key or not sure if you need one? See Using product keys with Office.
Before you can get Office for free, cheap or any price, you should know there are two main variants. Microsoft formerly Office gives you constant updates but requires a monthly or annual subscription fee. Office is a fixed package of software, but you only have to pay for it once. Microsoft really wants you to use the subscription-based Microsoft service, of course. The Office package is slightly different than Microsoft On top of that, there are companies besides Microsoft selling Office for free both Microsoft subscriptions and Office keys or cheaper than Microsoft.
And you can even run Office apps for free online. No matter where you get Office , it won’t be updated monthly like Microsoft is. What you buy is what you get. Heck, you may even be okay with an older version of Office, say Office , which you can still find keys for from third-party sellers for cheaper than Office However, Office has reached end of life EoL , meaning Microsoft no longer provides security updates for it.
But customer service may be lacking more on that later. Remember, to use Office , you need to be running Windows But before you take out credit card, let’s talk about the reasons you might want to avoid these retailers.
You may be more hesitant to buy from key reseller website like Kinguin. Many question their legitimacy or morality behind such deals. To learn more about its Office , we spoke with Kinguin directly. Kinguin does reserve its right not to accept any returns of already delivered items or game keys to protect itself from scams. Regardless, we’ve heard of customer complaints regarding slow customer service or the company offering refunds rather than dealing with individual complaints.
We haven’t been able to get in touch with Kinguin for a response. Instead, you can only access these services with an internet connection. You also have to have a Microsoft account. You can get to Office Online by signing in with your Microsoft account here. Once you do so, you have access to free Office tools.
Plus, since everything is internet-based, you can access it from any computer connected to the web. Free Office Online may not be a good fit for your largest or most complex projects, since features are more limited than what’s offered in Microsoft It has less menu options.
For example tabs like Draw and Design are missing from Word online. Note that you may also end up getting Microsoft for free through a sale. On April 21, Microsoft renamed Office to Microsoft You can use Microsoft Home for free through a one-month trial. PC users also get Publisher and Access. Perhaps the best part is you can install Microsoft on an unlimited number of devices and log into your subscription on up to 5 of those devices simultaneously.
Additionally, Office Personal subscribers get 1TB of OneDrive storage for up to 1 user, and Office Home users can share their cloud storage with 6 users. You also get 60 minutes of Skype calls to real phone numbers for 1 or 6 users, depending if you get Office Home or Personal. You can also buy or renew your Microsoft subscription from a third-party retailer in one-year packages that are cheaper than what Microsoft charges for its one-year subscriptions.
It doesn’t offer the older Office Note that you still get free Microsoft technical support for the duration of your subscription, even if you buy your subscription outside of Microsoft.
However, you miss out on Outlook, Publisher and Access. Microsoft Office is a productivity staple. Just be sure you have an Internet connection. But for heavy-duty productivity, the world is moving toward subscription-based software. Microsoft comes with more offerings than Office , monthly updates, the ability to share among multiple devices, plus a heaping 1TB of free cloud storage. She has a special affinity for gaming peripherals especially monitors , laptops and virtual reality.
Scharon Harding. Topics Microsoft. See all comments I’ll stick with my copy of office , Since it looks about the same as , is functionally identical for Microsoft’s “support” of office is beyond a joke considering Microsoft hasn’t significantly updated the suite or added meaningful features since As for Office , if your work isn’t already paying for your subscription and requiring you to use their cloud services, then you almost certainly don’t need it.
Yet again mentioning a third party key site that has had numerous shady problems around it as a source for legitimate keys. I have no idea why they would ever be mentioned on a PC Enthusiast site when it has been shown that keys bought there have the potential of being stolen, fraudulent or eventually deactivated. If you have to charge extra for “guaranteed not fake” products you are absolutely selling “guaranteed fake” products. Office isn’t free on iPad Pro’s without an Office subscription sadly.
It’s only free if your screen size is less than I wasn’t expecting that when I bought Office and later upgraded my iPad. Giroro said:. I use LibreOffice and used to use OpenOffice. Both support the conversion of Microsoft Office documents to an internal format and output of Microsoft documents readable by Microsoft software.
Both are open source. Both are ‘free’, although sending them a coupla’ bucks would be useful. I’ve using this software for maybe 10 years now.
Although by no means perfect it is good enough for me and comes loaded with useful features. The features provided are all of Microsoft Office except, perhaps OneDrive. Since I no longer use Microsoft Office I can’t really tell you what features are in this package but are not in Office.
As a sidelight, in I reported a bug in Word. After one of the forum users ‘answered my issue’, incorrectly I might add, there was no further dialog. The last time I checked, about , the bug was still there. When a bug is posted a dialog starts to fix it. Microsoft’s forums are one of those forums which are full of users who post lengthy prewritten replies to every thread without ever engaging their brains.
Mar 03, · Download Office From Microsoft: $ Despite shifting focus to Microsoft , which used to be called Office , Microsoft still sells Office Home & Student Estimated Reading Time: 7 mins. Compare Microsoft Office features for PC and Mac on the official Microsoft Store. Look at Office Home and Business versus Professional editions. Apr 02, · Microsoft Office has been made available for Windows 10 and macOS on September 24, Compared to its predecessors, Microsoft Office offers lots of new features. Let’s check out some of the new features of Office Microsoft Office lets you add SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) to documents, worksheets, and replace.mes: 9.
Download Microsoft Office Productivity software for business, office, or school. Virus Free. Apr 02, · Microsoft Office has been made available for Windows 10 and macOS on September 24, Compared to its predecessors, Microsoft Office offers lots of new features. Let’s check out some of the new features of Office Microsoft Office lets you add SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) to documents, worksheets, and replace.mes: 9. Jan 01, · How to download Microsoft Office for free. Earlier, Microsoft used to provide free image downloads for their products which unfortunately they later cut off in Thanks to Heidoc that came up with a solution to this with the Windows Iso Downloader which provides all the downloads directly from Microsoft servers for free. Aug 24, · There is a perpetual version (desktop or standalone version) that is a one-time purchase. Office comes in three editions (as noted above), Home and Student for Pc/Mac, Home and Business for Pc/Mac and Microsoft Office Professional. The desktop versions are significantly different than Office
If we talk about the best office suites, Microsoft office seems to be the best option out there. Compared to other free office suites, Microsoft Office offers better features. Each of the apps serves a unique purpose and offers a specific service to its users.
With Microsoft Office, you get Microsoft Word used to create word documents. You get a Microsoft PowerPoint, which is used to create presentations. In total, there are seven productivity apps that Ffree Office Brings. Compared to its predecessors, Microsoft Office offers lots of new features.
These are some of the key features of the latest Microsoft Office You can explore more features while using the office suite. Before downloading the installation file, make sure to check the system requirements.
Proceed with the steps only if your Microsoft office 2019 home vs professional free download meets the requirements. You can orofessional a copy of Microsoft Office from the Microsoft Store or the official site. You can purchase Microsoft Office from the below link. Purchase Microsoft Dowload To install Microsoft office 2019 home vs professional free download Officeyou need to uninstall the existing Office 2091.
If you have already uninstalled the existing Microsoft office application, you need to install the new version normally. Ссылка на страницу Free. Above, we have shared the latest version of Microsoft office 2019 home vs professional free download Office.
You need to disconnect the internet connection and install the application as usual. If it still asks for the activation key, you need to run KMSPico. If you have any doubts about this, let us know in the comment box below. I hope this article helped you!
Please share it ссылка на страницу your friends also. Save my name, email, and website перейти на источник this browser for the next time I comment. Sign professiknal. Forgot your источник Get help. Privacy Policy. Password recovery. Home How to Computer. Go vownload the final download link, нажмите сюда right side, you can see the download button.
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Читать статью не очень-то об этом распространялся. Сьюзан трудно было поверить в такое удачное совпадение. – Его погубило слабое сердце – вот так. Слишком уж удобная версия. Стратмор пожал плечами.
Однако, сделав еще несколько шагов, Стратмор почувствовалчто смотрит в глаза совершенно незнакомой ему женщины. Ее глаза были холодны как лед, а ее обычная мягкость исчезла без следа. Сьюзан стояла прямо и неподвижно, как статуя. Глаза ее были полны слез.
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The Java language has undergone several changes since JDK 1. Since J2SE 1. In September , Mark Reinhold, chief Architect of the Java Platform, proposed to change the release train to “one feature release every six months” rather than the then-current two-year schedule. In addition to the language changes, other changes have been made to the Java Class Library over the years, which has grown from a few hundred classes in JDK 1.
Some programs allow conversion of Java programs from one version of the Java platform to an older one for example Java 5. Java 8 LTS last free software public update for commercial use was released by Oracle in March , while Oracle continues to release no-cost public Java 8 updates for development [3] and personal use indefinitely.
For Java 11, long-term support will not be provided by Oracle for the public; instead, the broader OpenJDK community, as Eclipse Adoptium or others , is expected to perform the work.
The first version was released on January 23, Major additions in the release on February 19, included: [18]. The release on December 8, and subsequent releases through J2SE 5.
This was a very significant release of Java as it tripled the size of the Java platform to classes in 59 packages. Major additions included: [20]. The most notable changes in the May 8, release were: [21] [22]. Major changes included: [23] [24]. Public support and security updates for Java 1.
Paid security updates for Oracle customers ended in February The release on September 30, was originally numbered 1. The number was changed to “better reflect the level of maturity, stability, scalability and security of the J2SE”. Java SE 5 entered its end-of-public-updates period on April 8, ; updates are no longer available to the public as of November 3, Updates were available to paid Oracle customers until May Tiger added a number of significant new language features: [27] [28].
Java 5 Update 5 1. Paid security updates for Oracle customers ended in April This version introduced a new versioning system for the Java language, although the old versioning system continued to be used for developer libraries:. Both version numbers “1. Version “5.
The number “5. This version was developed under JSR During the development phase, new builds including enhancements and bug fixes were released approximately weekly.
Beta versions were released in February and June , leading up to a final release that occurred on December 11, Major changes included in this version: [54] [55]. Java 6 can be installed to Mac OS X Java 6 reached the end of its supported life in February , at which time all public updates, including security updates, were scheduled to be stopped.
After Java 6 release, Sun, and later Oracle, released several updates which, while not changing any public API, enhanced end-user usability or fixed bugs. Some developers have noticed an issue introduced in this release which causes debuggers to miss breakpoints seemingly randomly. The workaround applies to the Client and Server VMs. Another workaround is to roll back to update 13, or to upgrade to update Java 7 is a major update that was launched on July 7, [] and was made available for developers on July 28, The feature list at the OpenJDK 7 project lists many of the changes.
Additions in Java 7 include: []. Lambda Java’s implementation of lambda functions , Jigsaw Java’s implementation of modules , and part of Coin were dropped from Java 7, and released as part of Java 8 except for Jigsaw , which was released in Java 9. Java 7 was the default version to download on java. Oracle issued public updates to the Java 7 family on a quarterly basis [] until April when the product reached the end of its public availability.
Java 8 was released on March 18, , [] [] and included some features that were planned for Java 7 but later deferred. The last version of Java 8 could run on XP is update But the its components compatibility starts to break on unsupported OS in early build during Java 8 updates development.
From October , Java 8 was the default version to download and then again the download replacing Java 9 from the official website. Java SE 9 was made available on September 21, , [] due to controversial acceptance of the current implementation of Project Jigsaw by Java Executive Committee, [] which led Oracle to fix some open issues and concerns, and to refine some critical technical questions.
In the last days of June , Java Community Process expressed nearly unanimous consensus on the proposed Module System scheme. The first Java 9 release candidate was released on August 9, At JavaOne , Oracle discussed features they hoped to release for Java 9 in OpenJDK 10 was released on March 20, , with twelve new features confirmed. The first of these JEP Local-Variable Type Inference , allows the var keyword to be used for local variables with the actual type calculated by the compiler.
So we can do:. JDK 11 was released on September 25, and the version is currently open for bug fixes. Among others, Java 11 includes a number of new features, such as: []. A number of features from previous releases were dropped; in particular, Java applets and Java Web Start are no longer available.
JDK 12 was released on March 19, Among others, Java 12 includes a number of new features, such as: []. The preview feature JEP extends the switch statement so it can also be used as an expression, and adds a new form of case label where the right hand side is an expression.
No break statement is needed. For complex expressions a yield statement can be used. This becomes standard in Java SE JDK 13 was released on September 17, Java 13 includes the following new features, as well as “hundreds of smaller enhancements and thousands of bug fixes”.
JDK 14 was released on March 17, Java 14 includes the following new features, as well as “hundreds of smaller enhancements and thousands of bug fixes”. JEP , Pattern Matching for instanceof simplifies the common case of an instanceof test being immediately followed by cast, replacing. JEP Records allows easy creation of simple immutable Tuple -like classes.
JDK 15 was released on September 15, Java 15 adds e. The Shenandoah and Z garbage collectors latter sometimes abbreviated ZGC are now ready for use in production i. Java The Nashorn JavaScript Engine is removed.
Also removed some root CA certificates. JEP Sealed Classes adds sealed classes and interfaces that restrict which other classes or interfaces may extend or implement them. Only those classes specified in a permits clause may extend the class or interface. Together with records, sealed classes are sum types. They work well with other recent features like records, switch expressions, and pattern matching for instance-of.
JDK 16 was released on March 16, The code was also moved to GitHub , dropping Mercurial as the source control system. JEP extends the pattern matching syntax used in instanceof operations to switch statements and expressions.
It allows cases to be selected based on the type of the argument, null cases and refining patterns. Releases are based on the OpenJDK project, a free and open-source project with an open development model. Other Java implementations exist, however—in part due to Java’s early history as proprietary software.
In contrast, some implementations were created to offer some benefits over the standard implementation, often the result of some area of academic or corporate-sponsored research. Many Linux distributions include builds of OpenJDK through the IcedTea project started by Red Hat , which provides a more straightforward build and integration environment.
After the Sun v. Microsoft lawsuit, Microsoft abandoned it and began work on the. NET platform. Their builds support not only Windows, but also Linux and macOS. Other proprietary Java implementations are available, such as Azul ‘s Zing. Prior to the release of OpenJDK, while Sun’s implementation was still proprietary, the GNU Classpath project was created to provide a free and open-source implementation of the Java platform.
Since the release of JDK 7, when OpenJDK became the official reference implementation, the original motivation for the GNU Classpath project almost completely disappeared, and its last release was in After Sun’s initial source code release, the Harmony project continued, working to provide an implementation under a lax license , in contrast to the protective license chosen for OpenJDK.
Google later developed Android and released it under a lax license. Several other implementations exist that started as proprietary software but are now open source. IBM initially developed OpenJ9 as the proprietary J9 [] but has since relicensed the project and donated it to the Eclipse Foundation.
JRockit is a proprietary implementation that was acquired by Oracle and incorporated into subsequent OpenJDK versions.
The official download page is here: Unless I x27;m blind, nothing bit there for Windows except a link to notes. Then we x27;re back at square one. Am I missing something or going nuts. Might be the download. So make sure youre testing for java using the appropriate version of IE or better install both bit and bit version of Java. Hence, Id suggest you to download the offline package manually and try installing the same.
Refer the following articles: Which version of Java should I download for my bit Windows operating system?. Download Java JDK 1. May 31, In this article, we will see how to download and install Java on a bit architecture machine.
The following steps can be followed in order to download and install java. All the steps are described below has been performed on the Windows 10 operating system, but the procedure is quite similar to other operating systems as well.
Java bit, free download. Java bit To take advantage of new capabilities in the SDK, users are encouraged to move to the latest version. Java Development Kit is the official, reliable, and trustworthy development kit for Java programming. As a cross-platform app, it syncs texts across devices—irrespective of whe. The top series provide 10 DAC channels that simultaneously support 7. Based on a powerful editing. VLC Media Player is a free media player that lets you play audio and video content on computers, laptops, mobile phones, and tablets.
The freeware lets you launch different media types: devices, discs. Every Google Chrome browser has the same user features. Java 6 reached the end of its supported life in February , at which time all public updates, including security updates, were scheduled to be stopped. After Java 6 release, Sun, and later Oracle, released several updates which, while not changing any public API, enhanced end-user usability or fixed bugs. Some developers have noticed an issue introduced in this release which causes debuggers to miss breakpoints seemingly randomly.
The workaround applies to the Client and Server VMs. Another workaround is to roll back to update 13, or to upgrade to update Java 7 is a major update that was launched on July 7, [] and was made available for developers on July 28, The feature list at the OpenJDK 7 project lists many of the changes.
Additions in Java 7 include: []. Lambda Java’s implementation of lambda functions , Jigsaw Java’s implementation of modules , and part of Coin were dropped from Java 7, and released as part of Java 8 except for Jigsaw , which was released in Java 9. Java 7 was the default version to download on java.
Oracle issued public updates to the Java 7 family on a quarterly basis [] until April when the product reached the end of its public availability. Java 8 was released on March 18, , [] [] and included some features that were planned for Java 7 but later deferred. The last version of Java 8 could run on XP is update But the its components compatibility starts to break on unsupported OS in early build during Java 8 updates development. From October , Java 8 was the default version to download and then again the download replacing Java 9 from the official website.
Java SE 9 was made available on September 21, , [] due to controversial acceptance of the current implementation of Project Jigsaw by Java Executive Committee, [] which led Oracle to fix some open issues and concerns, and to refine some critical technical questions.
In the last days of June , Java Community Process expressed nearly unanimous consensus on the proposed Module System scheme. The first Java 9 release candidate was released on August 9, At JavaOne , Oracle discussed features they hoped to release for Java 9 in OpenJDK 10 was released on March 20, , with twelve new features confirmed.
The first of these JEP Local-Variable Type Inference , allows the var keyword to be used for local variables with the actual type calculated by the compiler.
So we can do:. JDK 11 was released on September 25, and the version is currently open for bug fixes. Among others, Java 11 includes a number of new features, such as: []. A number of features from previous releases were dropped; in particular, Java applets and Java Web Start are no longer available. JDK 12 was released on March 19, Among others, Java 12 includes a number of new features, such as: [].
The preview feature JEP extends the switch statement so it can also be used as an expression, and adds a new form of case label where the right hand side is an expression.
No break statement is needed. For complex expressions a yield statement can be used. This becomes standard in Java SE JDK 13 was released on September 17, Java 13 includes the following new features, as well as “hundreds of smaller enhancements and thousands of bug fixes”. JDK 14 was released on March 17, Java 14 includes the following new features, as well as “hundreds of smaller enhancements and thousands of bug fixes”.
JEP , Pattern Matching for instanceof simplifies the common case of an instanceof test being immediately followed by cast, replacing. JEP Records allows easy creation of simple immutable Tuple -like classes. JDK 15 was released on September 15, Java 15 adds e.
The Shenandoah and Z garbage collectors latter sometimes abbreviated ZGC are now ready for use in production i. Java The Nashorn JavaScript Engine is removed. Also removed some root CA certificates. JEP Sealed Classes adds sealed classes and interfaces that restrict which other classes or interfaces may extend or implement them. Only those classes specified in a permits clause may extend the class or interface.
Together with records, sealed classes are sum types. They work well with other recent features like records, switch expressions, and pattern matching for instance-of. JDK 16 was released on March 16, The code was also moved to GitHub , dropping Mercurial as the source control system. JEP extends the pattern matching syntax used in instanceof operations to switch statements and expressions. It allows cases to be selected based on the type of the argument, null cases and refining patterns. Releases are based on the OpenJDK project, a free and open-source project with an open development model.
Other Java implementations exist, however—in part due to Java’s early history as proprietary software. In contrast, some implementations were created to offer some benefits over the standard implementation, often the result of some area of academic or corporate-sponsored research.
Many Linux distributions include builds of OpenJDK through the IcedTea project started by Red Hat , which provides a more straightforward build and integration environment. After the Sun v. Microsoft lawsuit, Microsoft abandoned it and began work on the. NET platform.
Their builds support not only Windows, but also Linux and macOS. Other proprietary Java implementations are available, such as Azul ‘s Zing. Prior to the release of OpenJDK, while Sun’s implementation was still proprietary, the GNU Classpath project was created to provide a free and open-source implementation of the Java platform.
Since the release of JDK 7, when OpenJDK became the official reference implementation, the original motivation for the GNU Classpath project almost completely disappeared, and its last release was in After Sun’s initial source code release, the Harmony project continued, working to provide an implementation under a lax license , in contrast to the protective license chosen for OpenJDK.
Google later developed Android and released it under a lax license. Several other implementations exist that started as proprietary software but are now open source. IBM initially developed OpenJ9 as the proprietary J9 [] but has since relicensed the project and donated it to the Eclipse Foundation.
JRockit is a proprietary implementation that was acquired by Oracle and incorporated into subsequent OpenJDK versions. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. List of versions of the Java programming language. This article is about the Java programming language. For other uses, see History of Java. History 1. Old version. Older version, still maintained. Latest version. Latest preview version. Future release. Retrieved Java at Microsoft. Archived from the original on March 10, ISBN More CCleaner 6.
CCleaner is a freeware system optimization, privacy and cleaning tool. CCleaner is the number-one tool for cleaning your Windows PC. Keep your privacy online and offline, and make your computer faster and more secure. More Mozilla Firefox Coupon Search Plugin for Firefox, find some of the best discounts and deals around from the best retailers on the net. Coupons, discount codes and more. CouponMeUp have thousands of the best coupons from hundreds of online retailers.
More Microsoft. NET Framework 5. Jdk 6 download 64 bits – falasultra. Java – Download jdk 1. Download and Install Java SE 1. Free free download jdk 1. Microsoft Windows. From the following table, select the instructions corresponding to your version of the Java release.
For most people, the installation instructions in the previous table are all that you need. The following advanced options, available only on Microsoft Windows, are also available. As of Java SE 6 Update 10, the release may be.. Free jdk 1. Here is the video of downloading the JDK 1.
ORG – 7. Free Download Manager makes downloading files and videos easier and faster and helps avoid dreaded broken downloads. It is especially useful for those who are required to download files continually. Java allows you to play online games, chat with people around the world, calculate your mortgage interest, and view images in 3D.
More VLC media player 3. Audio chipsets from Realtek are used in motherboards from many different manufacturers. If you have such a motherboard, you can use the drivers provided by Realtek. More Windows Live Essentials Windows Live Essentials previously Windows Live Installer is a suite of freeware applications by Microsoft which aims to offer integrated and bundled e-mail, instant messaging, photo-sharing, blog publishing, security services and other … more info The JDK includes tools useful for developing and testing programs written in the Java programming language and running on the Java platform.
Descriptions containing java 1. More CCleaner 6. CCleaner is a freeware system optimization, privacy and cleaning tool. CCleaner is the number-one tool for cleaning your Windows PC. Keep your privacy online and offline, and make your computer faster and more secure. More Mozilla Firefox Coupon Search Plugin for Firefox, find some of the best discounts and deals around from the best retailers on the net.
Thus, users can have a more interactive experience while surf. Java Development Kit is the official development kit for the Java programming language. Java Development Kit contains the software and tools that you need to compile, debug, and run applets and ap. WhatsApp bit for Windows is a free messaging application that lets users connect with friends and family around the world.
As a cross-platform app, it syncs texts across devices—irrespective of whe. The top series provide 10 DAC channels that simultaneously support 7. Based on a powerful editing. VLC Media Player is a free media player that lets you play audio and video content on computers, laptops, mobile phones, and tablets. The freeware lets you launch different media types: devices, discs.
Every Google Chrome browser has the same user features. OldV provides free software downloads for old versions of programs, drivers and games.. Most is fine but the Java part won x27;t load on bit browsers. Where does one download the off-line bit Java runtime installer for Windows.
The official download page is here: Unless I x27;m blind, nothing bit there for Windows except a link to notes. Then we x27;re back at square one. Am I missing something or going nuts.
Might be the download. So make sure youre testing for java using the appropriate version of IE or better install both bit and bit version of Java. Hence, Id suggest you to download the offline package manually and try installing the same.
Refer the following articles: Which version of Java should I download for my bit Windows operating system?. Download Java JDK 1. May 31, In this article, we will see how to download and install Java on a bit architecture machine. The following steps can be followed in order to download and install java. All the steps are described below has been performed on the Windows 10 operating system, but the procedure is quite similar to other operating systems as well.
Java bit, free download. Java bit To take advantage of new capabilities in the SDK, users are encouraged to move to the latest version. Java Development Kit is the official, reliable, and trustworthy development kit for Java programming. It has been developed by Oracle and is used by programmers around the world. Simply put, JDK combines a wide range of tools and software required to debug, run, and compile apps and applets designed with the Java programming language. Download Java Runtime Environment bit 1.
Fast downloads of the latest free software! Click now. WhatsApp bit for Windows is a free messaging application that lets users connect with friends and family around the world. As a cross-platform app, it syncs texts.
Once installed, Java will run unobtrusively in the background, only popping up when an update is released at most other times its invisible, even when being used.
Download Java Runtime Environment bit for Windows – replace.me.Java 1.6 for windows 10 64 bit
Java 5 Update 5 1. Paid security updates for Oracle customers ended in April This version introduced a new versioning system for the Java language, although the old versioning system continued to be used for developer libraries:. Both version numbers “1. Version “5. The number “5. This version was developed under JSR During the development phase, new builds including enhancements and bug fixes were released approximately weekly.
Beta versions were released in February and June , leading up to a final release that occurred on December 11, Major changes included in this version: [54] [55].
Java 6 can be installed to Mac OS X Java 6 reached the end of its supported life in February , at which time all public updates, including security updates, were scheduled to be stopped.
After Java 6 release, Sun, and later Oracle, released several updates which, while not changing any public API, enhanced end-user usability or fixed bugs. Some developers have noticed an issue introduced in this release which causes debuggers to miss breakpoints seemingly randomly. The workaround applies to the Client and Server VMs. Another workaround is to roll back to update 13, or to upgrade to update Java 7 is a major update that was launched on July 7, [] and was made available for developers on July 28, The feature list at the OpenJDK 7 project lists many of the changes.
Additions in Java 7 include: []. Lambda Java’s implementation of lambda functions , Jigsaw Java’s implementation of modules , and part of Coin were dropped from Java 7, and released as part of Java 8 except for Jigsaw , which was released in Java 9. Java 7 was the default version to download on java.
Oracle issued public updates to the Java 7 family on a quarterly basis [] until April when the product reached the end of its public availability. Java 8 was released on March 18, , [] [] and included some features that were planned for Java 7 but later deferred. The last version of Java 8 could run on XP is update But the its components compatibility starts to break on unsupported OS in early build during Java 8 updates development.
From October , Java 8 was the default version to download and then again the download replacing Java 9 from the official website. Java SE 9 was made available on September 21, , [] due to controversial acceptance of the current implementation of Project Jigsaw by Java Executive Committee, [] which led Oracle to fix some open issues and concerns, and to refine some critical technical questions.
In the last days of June , Java Community Process expressed nearly unanimous consensus on the proposed Module System scheme. The first Java 9 release candidate was released on August 9, At JavaOne , Oracle discussed features they hoped to release for Java 9 in OpenJDK 10 was released on March 20, , with twelve new features confirmed. The first of these JEP Local-Variable Type Inference , allows the var keyword to be used for local variables with the actual type calculated by the compiler.
So we can do:. JDK 11 was released on September 25, and the version is currently open for bug fixes. Among others, Java 11 includes a number of new features, such as: [].
A number of features from previous releases were dropped; in particular, Java applets and Java Web Start are no longer available.
JDK 12 was released on March 19, Among others, Java 12 includes a number of new features, such as: []. The preview feature JEP extends the switch statement so it can also be used as an expression, and adds a new form of case label where the right hand side is an expression. No break statement is needed. For complex expressions a yield statement can be used. This becomes standard in Java SE JDK 13 was released on September 17, Java 13 includes the following new features, as well as “hundreds of smaller enhancements and thousands of bug fixes”.
JDK 14 was released on March 17, Java 14 includes the following new features, as well as “hundreds of smaller enhancements and thousands of bug fixes”. JEP , Pattern Matching for instanceof simplifies the common case of an instanceof test being immediately followed by cast, replacing. JEP Records allows easy creation of simple immutable Tuple -like classes. JDK 15 was released on September 15, Java 15 adds e.
The Shenandoah and Z garbage collectors latter sometimes abbreviated ZGC are now ready for use in production i. Java The Nashorn JavaScript Engine is removed. Also removed some root CA certificates. JEP Sealed Classes adds sealed classes and interfaces that restrict which other classes or interfaces may extend or implement them. Only those classes specified in a permits clause may extend the class or interface.
Together with records, sealed classes are sum types. They work well with other recent features like records, switch expressions, and pattern matching for instance-of. JDK 16 was released on March 16, The code was also moved to GitHub , dropping Mercurial as the source control system.
JEP extends the pattern matching syntax used in instanceof operations to switch statements and expressions. It allows cases to be selected based on the type of the argument, null cases and refining patterns.
Releases are based on the OpenJDK project, a free and open-source project with an open development model. Other Java implementations exist, however—in part due to Java’s early history as proprietary software.
In contrast, some implementations were created to offer some benefits over the standard implementation, often the result of some area of academic or corporate-sponsored research. Many Linux distributions include builds of OpenJDK through the IcedTea project started by Red Hat , which provides a more straightforward build and integration environment. After the Sun v. Microsoft lawsuit, Microsoft abandoned it and began work on the. NET platform. Their builds support not only Windows, but also Linux and macOS.
Other proprietary Java implementations are available, such as Azul ‘s Zing. Prior to the release of OpenJDK, while Sun’s implementation was still proprietary, the GNU Classpath project was created to provide a free and open-source implementation of the Java platform.
Since the release of JDK 7, when OpenJDK became the official reference implementation, the original motivation for the GNU Classpath project almost completely disappeared, and its last release was in After Sun’s initial source code release, the Harmony project continued, working to provide an implementation under a lax license , in contrast to the protective license chosen for OpenJDK.
Google later developed Android and released it under a lax license. Several other implementations exist that started as proprietary software but are now open source. IBM initially developed OpenJ9 as the proprietary J9 [] but has since relicensed the project and donated it to the Eclipse Foundation.
JRockit is a proprietary implementation that was acquired by Oracle and incorporated into subsequent OpenJDK versions. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. List of versions of the Java programming language. This article is about the Java programming language. For other uses, see History of Java. History 1. Old version. Older version, still maintained. Latest version.
Latest preview version. Future release. Retrieved Java at Microsoft. Archived from the original on March 10, ISBN Retrieved May 30, Retrieved January 16, Archived from the original on November 7, Archived from the original on January 8, Oracle Corporation.
Retrieved October 22, Java Concurrency in Practice. Retrieved September 30, Retrieved April 18, Check your computer to make sure it is working properly and is compatible with the upcoming Microsoft Windows More UpdateStar Premium Edition UpdateStar 10 offers you a time-saving, one-stop information place for your software setup and makes your computer experience more secure and productive.
More Google Chrome Chrome is a web browser developed by Google. It is characterized by its speed and many innovative features. Additional titles containing java 1. Latest News. Critical VMware updates available. Try ConfigureDefender 3. Foxit PDF Reader Thunderbird McAfee Agent 5. Then we x27;re back at square one. Am I missing something or going nuts. Might be the download. So make sure youre testing for java using the appropriate version of IE or better install both bit and bit version of Java.
Hence, Id suggest you to download the offline package manually and try installing the same. Refer the following articles: Which version of Java should I download for my bit Windows operating system?. Download Java JDK 1. May 31, In this article, we will see how to download and install Java on a bit architecture machine.
The following steps can be followed in order to download and install java. All the steps are described below has been performed on the Windows 10 operating system, but the procedure is quite similar to other operating systems as well. Java bit, free download. Java bit To take advantage of new capabilities in the SDK, users are encouraged to move to the latest version.
Java Development Kit is the official, reliable, and trustworthy development kit for Java programming. It has been developed by Oracle and is used by programmers around the world. Simply put, JDK combines a wide range of tools and software required to debug, run, and compile apps and applets designed with the Java programming language. Download Java Runtime Environment bit 1. Fast downloads of the latest free software! Click now. For enterprise administrators, Google Chrome for Work provides support for group policy and centralized configurations, a specialized.
Safe Downloader. In addition to virus scans, our editors manually check each download for you. Advantages of the Safe Downloader:. Java Runtime Environment bit for Windows 1. Java Runtime Environment bit for PC 1. Java Development Kit bit Java Development Kit is the official, reliable, and trustworthy development kit for Java programming.
Jul 30, · Download Java JDK for Windows 10 bit; Install JDK on Windows; Set Java path in system environment variables; Verify the Installed Java version; Step Download Java JDK for Windows 10 bit. To download java for windows, visit the official website Oracle Websites Java, go to Java SE Development Kit 8u, and click on the. Java SE 6 Downloads. Go to the Oracle Java Archive page. Thank you for downloading this release of the Java TM Platform, Standard Edition Development Kit (JDK TM). The JDK is a development environment for building applications, applets, and components using the Java programming language. The JDK includes tools useful for developing and testing. With the release, J2SE support for Windows bit has progressed from release candidate to final release. This version runs on AMD64/EM64T bit mode machines with Windows Server x64 Editions. Unofficially, Java SE 6 Update 7 () is the last version of Java that was shown to be working on the Win9x family of operating systems.
User java 1.6 for windows 10 64 bit User Rating 8. We don’t have any change log information yet for version 1. Sometimes publishers take a little while to make this information available, so please check back in a few days to see if it has been updated. If you have any changelog info you can share with us, we’d love to hear from you!
Head over to our Contact page and let us know. Java Development Kit is the official, reliable, and trustworthy development kit for Java programming. It has been developed by Oracle and is used by programmers around the world. Simply put, JDK combi. JavaExe can launch your Жмите сюда application from an. It is also possible to provide your Java appli. With this software, you can run applets written in Java.
Thus, users can have a more interactive experience while ofr. Java Development Kit is the official development winddows for java 1.6 for windows 10 64 bit Java programming language. Java Development Kit contains the software and tools that you need to compile, debug, and run applets 6 ap. WhatsApp bit for Windows is a free messaging application that lets users connect with friends and family around the world. As a cross-platform app, it syncs texts across devices—irrespective of whe.
The top series provide 10 DAC channels that simultaneously support 7. Based on a powerful editing. VLC Media Player is a free media player that lets you play audio and video content on computers, laptops, mobile phones, and tablets. The freeware lets you launch different media types: devices, discs.
Java 1.6 for windows 10 64 bit Нажмите сюда Chrome browser has the same user features. For enterprise administrators, Google Chrome for Work provides support for group policy and centralized configurations, a specialized.
Ссылка Downloader. In addition to virus scans, our editors manually check each download for fr. Advantages of the Safe Downloader:. Java Runtime Environment bit for Windows 1. Java Runtime Environment bit for PC 1. Java Development Kit bit Java Development Kit is the official, reliable, and trustworthy development kit for Java programming. JavaExe JavaExe can launch your Java application from an. WhatsApp Messenger bit for PC Windows WhatsApp bit for Windows is a free messaging application that lets users connect with friends and family around the world.
Jul 30, · Download Java JDK for Windows 10 bit; Install JDK on Windows; Set Java path in system environment variables; Verify the Installed Java version; Step Download Java JDK for Windows 10 bit. To download java for windows, visit the official website Oracle Websites Java, go to Java SE Development Kit 8u, and click on the. May 05, · Hi All I need to download JAVA (specifically _b09 or later) 64 bit for Windows version. Can someone point me to the download site please? TIA, MC. Apr 16, · Windows Offline (bit) filesize: MB: Instructions: If you use bit and bit browsers interchangeably, you will need to install both bit and bit Java in order to have the Java plug-in for both browsers.» FAQ about bit Java for Windows: Mac OS X Mac FAQ; Mac OS X ( version and above). May 05, · Hi All I need to download JAVA (specifically _b09 or later) 64 bit for Windows version. Can someone point me to the download site please? TIA, MC. Windows: Windows bit: Windows: Windows bit: For most people, the installation instructions in the previous table are all that you need. The following advanced options, available only on Microsoft Windows, are also available. As of Java SE 6 Update 10, the release may be installed in one of two configurations: patch-in-place or static.
Oracle’s Java Runtime Environment (JRE) for bit Windows PCs contains the Java Virtual Machine, software libraries, components, and plug-ins that tons of programs, media, and Web sites need to. Add Java and disable Java in Java Runtime Environment Settings under Configure Java: Unfortunately, the. Aug 05, · There are a number of different Java packages available, for this tutorial we will be installing Java Standard Edition SE on Windows. Java runtime environment 0 64 bit windows 10 – DOWNLOAD. Free download page for Project jdkxz#39;s Download for Chinese. Java jdk download free download – SourceForge. Java Runtime Environment free download – Java Runtime Environment (JRE) (Bit), GTK+ 2 Runtime Environment, Java Runtime Environment (JRE) .
Download Java Jdk 1. The Java language has undergone several changes since JDK 1. Since J2SE 1. Download-java-jdk Java Runtime Environment 1. Java Platform 6 Update 26 x64 Screenshots. OldV provides free software downloads for old versions of programs, drivers and games. Most java 1.6 for windows 10 64 bit fine but the Java part won x27;t load on bit browsers.
Where does one download the off-line bit Java runtime installer for Windows. The official download page is here: Unless I x27;m blind, nothing bit there for Windows except a link to notes. Then we x27;re back at square one. Am I missing something or going nuts.
Might be the download. So make sure youre testing for java using the appropriate version of IE or better install both bit and bit version of Java. Hence, Id suggest you to download the offline package manually and try installing the same. Refer the following articles: Which version of Java should Нажмите для деталей download for my bit Windows operating system?. Download Java JDK 1. May 31, In this article, we will see how to download and install Java on a bit architecture machine.
The following steps can be followed in order to download and install java. All the steps are described below has been performed on the Windows 10 operating system, but the procedure is quite similar to other operating systems as well. Java bit, адрес download. Java bit To take advantage of new capabilities in the SDK, users are encouraged to move to the latest version.
Java Development Kit is the official, reliable, and trustworthy development kit for Java programming. It has been developed by Oracle and is used by programmers around the world. Simply put, JDK combines a wide range of tools and software required to debug, run, and compile apps and applets designed with the Java programming language. Download Java Runtime Environment bit 1. Fast downloads of the latest free software! Click now. WhatsApp bit for Windows is a free messaging application that lets users connect with friends and family around the world.
As a cross-platform app, it syncs texts. Once installed, Java will run unobtrusively in the background, only popping up when an update is released at most other times its invisible, even when being used.
Note this is the bit version of Java. Unless you exclusively use bit browsers, java 1.6 for windows 10 64 bit should also install the bit version. The JDK is java 1.6 for windows 10 64 bit development environment for building applications, applets, and components using the Java programming language. Download the zip or exe Package. Here you have two choices: 2. Windows x64 Installer. An file which installs the Java in your bit windows machine and makes all necessary environment entries.
For a normal java 1.6 for windows 10 64 bit, it is the best approach. Windows x64 Compressed Archive. Under the Download menu, click the Download link that corresponds to the for your version of Windows. Download the file. We highly recommend downloading and installing the latest Java version.
The latest release for Java contains many new features, performance enhancements, and bug fixes to improve the running of Java applets or applications. Just wait for few minutes till the download finishes. The downloaded jdk exe file will get saved. For downloading and installing bit Java on your system Go to J Click on the Free Java Download button and start the installation process Java for bit browsers Users should download bit Java software, if they are running bit browsers.
From java 1.6 for windows 10 64 bit bit browser, download bit Java from the manual page. Java SE 10 Archive Downloads. Go to the Oracle Java Archive page. The JDK is a development environment dingtone for pc free building applications using the Java programming language.
The JDK includes tools useful for developing and testing programs written in the Java programming java 1.6 for windows 10 64 bit and running on the Java TM platform. In my case the JDK installation file is I start the installation and the following window will appear: Click on quot;Runquot; and the following window will appear: Click on quot;Nextquot. Click on quot;Nextquot. Java windows 10 64 bit download is available for download and install from our antivirus checked database repository.
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Java 6 download 64 bit windows Java 6 download for windows 10 64 bit 1by Main page. Download Java Platform 6 Update 26 x64 for Windows. Java Downloads Oracle. Java jdk 1. Java 6 64 bit download – page 12 – X bit Download. Download Java for Windows. Free java 6. Previous All file converter free download full version. Groove music player for windows 10 free download. Return to site Powered by Strikingly. Create a site with. This website is built with Strikingly. Create yours today!
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Firefox available. F-Secure and WithSecure updates available. An introduction to Chrome Actions. Lenovo: UEFI firmware updates available. Once installed, Java will run unobtrusively in the background, only popping up when an update is released at most other times its invisible, even when being used. Note this is the bit version of Java. Unless you exclusively use bit browsers, you should also install the bit version.
The JDK is a development environment for building applications, applets, and components using the Java programming language. Download the zip or exe Package. Here you have two choices: 2. Windows x64 Installer. An file which installs the Java in your bit windows machine and makes all necessary environment entries. For a normal user, it is the best approach. Windows x64 Compressed Archive. Under the Download menu, click the Download link that corresponds to the for your version of Windows.
Download the file. We highly recommend downloading and installing the latest Java version. The latest release for Java contains many new features, performance enhancements, and bug fixes to improve the running of Java applets or applications. Just wait for few minutes till the download finishes.
The downloaded jdk exe file will get saved. For downloading and installing bit Java on your system Go to J Click on the Free Java Download button and start the installation process Java for bit browsers Users should download bit Java software, if they are running bit browsers. From a bit browser, download bit Java from the manual page.
Java SE 10 Archive Downloads. Go to the Oracle Java Archive page.. The JDK is a development environment for building applications using the Java programming language. The JDK includes tools useful for developing and testing programs written in the Java programming language and running on the Java TM platform..
In my case the JDK installation file is I start the installation and the following window will appear: Click on quot;Runquot; and the following window will appear: Click on quot;Nextquot;. Click on quot;Nextquot. Java windows 10 64 bit download is available for download and install from our antivirus checked database repository.
However, cosmos are unable of the fraudulent use of the download. This dearly print is a photo and white marker with the fanciest yellow touches on her left and green on the times. Vst Plugins Free Download Mixcraft. Reiboot License Key Archives.
Fineprint 9 Serial. We just sent you an email. Please click the link in the email to confirm your subscription! OK Subscriptions powered by Strikingly. Java 6 download 64 bit windows Java 6 download for windows 10 64 bit 1 , by Main page. Download Java Platform 6 Update 26 x64 for Windows. Java Downloads Oracle. Java jdk 1. Java 6 64 bit download – page 12 – X bit Download.
The following advanced options, available only on Microsoft Windows, are also available. As of Java SE 6 Update 10, the release may be.. Free jdk 1. Here is the video of downloading the JDK 1. Once you have accepted the license agreement the download link will start working. Find out the version and the architecture of the JDK you need and then click on the same link. The download will start and once it is downloaded you can. Download Java Platform 1. I Jdk 1. Java for Mac OS X Download Java for Linux.
Download java from oracle without login GitHub – Gist. Downloads for Amazon Corretto 8 – Amazon Corretto. Java SDK downloads, version 8. How to download Java jdk and. We just sent you an email. Please click the link in the email to confirm your subscription! OK Subscriptions powered by Strikingly.
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Java Development Kit is the official, reliable, and trustworthy development kit for Java programming. It has been developed by Oracle and is used by programmers around the world. Simply put, JDK combi.
JavaExe can launch your Java application from an. It is also possible to provide your Java appli. With this software, you can run applets written in Java. Thus, users can have a more interactive experience while surf.
The JDK is a development environment for building applications, applets, and components using the Java programming language. Download the zip or exe Package. Here you have two choices: 2. Windows x64 Installer. An file which installs the Java in your bit windows machine and makes all necessary environment entries.
For a normal user, it is the best approach. Windows x64 Compressed Archive. Under the Download menu, click the Download link that corresponds to the for your version of Windows. Download the file. We highly recommend downloading and installing the latest Java version.
The latest release for Java contains many new features, performance enhancements, and bug fixes to improve the running of Java applets or applications. Just wait for few minutes till the download finishes. The downloaded jdk exe file will get saved. For downloading and installing bit Java on your system Go to J Click on the Free Java Download button and start the installation process Java for bit browsers Users should download bit Java software, if they are running bit browsers.
From a bit browser, download bit Java from the manual page. Java SE 10 Archive Downloads. Go to the Oracle Java Archive page.. The JDK is a development environment for building applications using the Java programming language. The JDK includes tools useful for developing and testing programs written in the Java programming language and running on the Java TM platform..
In my case the JDK installation file is I start the installation and the following window will appear: Click on quot;Runquot; and the following window will appear: Click on quot;Nextquot;. Click on quot;Nextquot. Java windows 10 64 bit download is available for download and install from our antivirus checked database repository. However, cosmos are unable of the fraudulent use of the download. This dearly print is a photo and white marker with the fanciest yellow touches on her left and green on the times.
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Can i download windows 10 from microsoft

Before updating, please refer to the Windows release information odwnload for known issues to confirm your device is not impacted. You can use cwn page to download a disc image ISO file that can be used to install or reinstall Windows If you have Office or earlier and choose to perform a clean install of Windows 10, you will need to locate your Office product key.
For tips on locating your product key, check Find your Office product cownload or Enter the product key for your Office program. Validating your request. This may take several minutes. Do not refresh the page or select back, doing so will cancel the request. Download Windows 10 Can i download windows 10 from microsoft Image ISO File Before updating, please refer to the Windows microsot information status for known issues to confirm your device is not impacted.
Before you begin Make sure you have: An internet connection internet service provider fees may apply. Sufficient data can i download windows 10 from microsoft available on a computer, USB or external drive for the download. System requirements. See the system requirements before installing Windows больше информации We also recommend that you visit your PC manufacturer’s website for info about updated drivers and hardware compatibility. Language in Windows.
You’ll need to choose the same language when you rownload Windows Edition of Windows. You should also choose the same edition of Windows. Please see the Volume Licensing Service Microsft for more information. Microsoft Office products. If you just purchased a new device that includes Office winows, we recommend redeeming installing Office before upgrading to Windows For more information, check How to upgrade to Windows 10 on new devices that include Office Select an edition from the drop down menu.
Select edition Windows Confirm Privacy. Visit the Windows Insider site to download Insider Preview builds. Visit the Download Academic Products page for Education editions product key required. Give feedback Please select an option. Please select an option. Tell us what we can do to improve this site.
Thank you for your valuable страница.
May 09, · Download the file you need. On a Windows device, things are a bit complicated: Head over to the download page. Under the Create Windows 10 installation media, click on the Download . 20 hours ago · Microsoft’s latest Windows 10 update, version 21H1, is rolling out now. Here’s how to download the update and all of the new features it includes. May 15, · Follow these steps to create installation media (USB flash drive or DVD) you can use to install a new copy of Windows 10, perform a clean installation, or reinstall Windows Before you download the tool make sure you have. To use the media creation tool, visit the Microsoft Software Download Windows 10 page from a Windows 7, Windows or Windows 10 device. You can use this page to download a disc image (ISO file) that can be used to install or reinstall Windows There are two ways to get Windows A short quiz will help you decide whether to buy Windows 10 to install on your current PC, or to buy a new Windows 10 PC.
After months of Insider testing, Microsoft has confirmed that the upcoming Windows 10 May Update version 21H1 has been finalized, with Build The Windows maker has also started to prepare for the public rollout of v21H1, which is scheduled to start this month. Focusing on small improvements and performance enhancements, Windows 10 version 21H1 is a small update that will be delivered like a monthly cumulative update for больше на странице running last year’s versions or 20H2.
As the public release of v21H1 inches closer, it is time to start paying attention to Windows 10 October Update, version 20H2. Released in October, Microsoft has since delivered several cumulative updates to the latest version of the operating system, fixing bugs and delivering improvements.
There was an issue around Conexant drivers that originated in versionwhich has also been tagged resolved by the company just this past Friday.
With this, Windows 10 October Update is officially bug-free, making it the best candidate for installation right can i download windows 10 from microsoft. With a new feature update almost here, this is the right time to save a copy can i download windows 10 from microsoft version 21H1 before that option is no longer available.
Once Windows 10 May Update is out, you won’t be able to download ISO files for version 20H2 since Microsoft usually removes that can i download windows 10 from microsoft seconds after logic x pro compressor free download a new version.
While early adoption is always possible for Windows enthusiastswe recommend cautious users to wait a few months after the public release before installing a new version.
This is that time for version 20H2. Even if you aren’t currently looking forward to a new update, downloading takes a few minutes, and you will have the peace of mind that it’s there if you plan to make the upgrade in the coming months without having to then force-update to the new version 21H1. We have already shared a detailed tutorial on how can i download windows 10 from microsoft download Windows 10 version 20H2 ISO files; here is a recap of how to quickly download the ISO files to clean install Windows 10 20H2 in the future:.
If you want a clean slate, you can manually install the operating system to get a fresh copy running on your device once you have downloaded the ISO files from Microsoft. Just keep following instructions on the Media Creation Tool.
Or, look into this piece for steps. If you взято отсюда ready to upgrade to the latest Windows 10 October Update and don’t want to download an ISO file, you can do that directly through the Settings app. If the latest version is available for your PC, you продолжить чтение be able to download and install it there and then.
However, some users are getting the following alert instead as version 20H2 still isn’t available for everyone:. The Windows 10 October Update is on its way. Once it’s ready for your device, you’ll see the update available on this page. If you do make the update, make sure to repeat the above process and check for updates again to download any available cumulative updates. By Rafia Shaikh. May 9, EDT. Share Tweet Submit. Subscribe to our newsletter. Build
Note : Before you install Windows 10, check to make sure your PC meets the system requirements for Windows We also recommend going to the PC manufacturer’s website for any additional info about updated drivers and hardware compatibility. After downloading and installing, the tool will walk you through how to set up Windows 10 on your PC. All Windows 10 editions are available when you select Windows 10, except for Enterprise edition.
Follow these steps to create installation media USB flash drive or DVD you can use to install a new copy of Windows 10, perform a clean installation, or reinstall Windows If you have Office or earlier and choose to perform a clean install of Windows 10, you will need to locate your Office product key. For tips on locating your product key, check Find your Office product key or Enter the product key for your Office program. Select the language, edition, and architecture bit or bit for Windows After completing the steps to install Windows 10, please check that you have all the necessary device drivers installed.
Note: Drivers for Surface devices may be found on the Download drivers and firmware for Surface page. To open a boot menu or change the boot order, you’ll typically need to press a key such as F2, F12, Delete, or Esc immediately after you turn on your PC. For instructions on accessing the boot menu or changing the boot order for your PC, check the documentation that came with your PC or go to the manufacturer’s website.
If changing the boot menu or order doesn’t work, and your PC immediately boots into the OS you want to replace, it is possible the PC had not fully shut down. To ensure the PC fully shuts down, select the power button on the sign-in screen or on the Start menu and select Shut down.
If you downloaded an ISO file for Windows 10, the file is saved locally at the location you selected. If you have a third-party DVD burning program installed on your computer that you prefer to use for creating the installation DVD, that program might open by going to the location where the file is saved and double-clicking the ISO file, or right-click the ISO file, select Open with and choose your preferred DVD burning software. Right-click the ISO file and select Properties.
Then right-click the ISO file and select Burn disc image. This will perform an upgrade of your current operating system to Windows Download Windows 10 Before updating, please refer to the Windows release information status for known issues to confirm your device is not impacted. Update now Privacy. Create Windows 10 installation media To get started, you will first need to have a license to install Windows Download tool now Privacy. Select Download tool , and select Run.
You need to be an administrator to run this tool. On the License terms page, if you accept the license terms, select Accept. On the What do you want to do? Your copy of Windows 10 will automatically activate later using your digital license. Select Change what to keep to set whether you would like to Keep personal files and apps , or Keep personal files only , or choose to keep Nothing during the upgrade.
It might take some time to install Windows 10, and your PC will restart a few times. Before you download the tool make sure you have: An internet connection internet service provider fees may apply. Sufficient data storage available on a computer, USB or external drive for the download. System requirements. If all you need to the installation files for Windows 10, here is how you get them: What you should do, is first download the ISO file using Media Creation Tool, then use another tool such as Rufus to make a bootable copy.
Image Click in the Edition list box, choose your edition then click Next. Windows 10 – contains Windows 10 Home and Windows 10 Pro. Windows 10 N – only select this edition if you reside in Europe, it does not contain Windows Media Player. In order to use an ISO you must burn it to a optical disc. If you are using Windows 7, you can create the. ISO then burn it using the built in Disc Image utility. Creating a. ISO file For the purposes of this exercise, we are gonna use the. ISO option.
Wait while the. ISO image is created. Click in the list box then choose your partition scheme. If you select the ISO, Rufus will automatically select the appropriate options for you. Next, click in the File system list box, then choose FAT Leave the default Cluster size then enter a label for your thumb drive.
Click the choose disk image icon, browse to where the ISO file is located, select it then click Open. Click Start to copy the files to the thumb drive. If you have any files on the thumb drive, they will be deleted.
Wait while the files are copied to your thumb drive. Close when complete. Hello, although Windows 10 is not free, you can use most of the basic features for free on trial mode. When you see the option to enter the Licence key, you can click on skip for now. Hope this helps, and let me know if you have further questions!
DaveM Independent Advisor. In reply to A.
Before updating, please refer to the Windows release information status for known issues to confirm your device is not impacted. The Update Feom can help you update to the latest version of Windows To get started, click Update now.
To get started, you will first need to have a licence to install Windows You can then download and run the media creation tool. For more information on how to use the tool, see the instructions below. Note : Before you install Windows 10, check to make sure your PC meets the system requirements for Windows We also recommend going to the PC manufacturer’s website can i download windows 10 from microsoft any additional info about updated drivers and hardware compatibility.
Follow these steps to create installation media USB flash drive or DVD you can use to windoqs a new copy of Windows 10, perform a clean installation, or reinstall Windows If you have Office or earlier and choose to perform a clean install of Windows 10, you will need to locate your Office product key.
For tips on locating your product key, check Find your Office product can i download windows 10 from microsoft or Enter the product нажмите сюда for your Office http://replace.me/18904.txt. Select the language, edition, and architecture bit or bit for Windows After completing the steps to install Windows 10, please check that you have all the necessary device drivers installed.
Note: Drivers for Surface devices may be found on the Download drivers and firmware for Surface http://replace.me/11857.txt. To open a boot menu or change the boot order, you’ll typically need to press a key such as F2, F12, Delete, or Esc immediately after you turn on your PC.
For instructions on accessing the boot menu or changing the boot order for your PC, check the documentation that came with your PC or go to the manufacturer’s website.
If changing the boot menu or order doesn’t work, and your PC immediately boots into the OS you want to на этой странице, it is possible the PC had not fully shut down. To узнать больше the PC fully shuts down, select the power button on the sign-in screen or on the Start menu and select Shut down. If you downloaded an ISO file for Windows 10, the file is saved locally at the location you selected.
If you have a third-party DVD burning program installed on your computer that you prefer to windowd for creating the installation Windoas, that program might open by going to the location where the file is saved and double-clicking the ISO file, or right-click the ISO file, select Open with and choose your preferred DVD burning software. Right-click the ISO file and select Properties. Then right-click the ISO can i download windows 10 from microsoft and select Burn disc image.
This will perform an upgrade of your current operating system to Windows Download Windows 10 Before updating, please refer to the Windows release information status for known issues to confirm your device is not impacted. Update now Privacy. Create Windows 10 installation media To get started, you will first need to have a licence to install Windows Download tool now Privacy. Select Download tooland select Run. You need to be windoqs administrator to run downooad tool.
On the License terms frrom, if you accept the license terms, select Accept. On the What do you want to do? After downloading and installing, the tool will walk you through how to microsovt up Windows 10 on your PC.
All Windows 10 editions are available when you select Windows 10, except for Enterprise edition. Your copy of Windows 10 will automatically activate later using can i download windows 10 from microsoft digital license. Select Change what to keep to set whether you would like to Keep personal files and appsor Keep personal files onlyor choose to keep Nothing during the upgrade.
It might take some time to install Windows 10, and your PC will restart a few times. Before you can i download windows 10 from microsoft the u make sure you have: An internet connection internet service provider продолжить чтение may apply.
Sufficient data storage available on a computer, USB or external drive for the download. System requirements. Make sure the PC meets the system requirements for Windows We also recommend going to the PC manufacturer’s website for additional info about updated drivers and hardware compatibility. Language in Windows. You’ll need to choose the same language when you install Windows Edition of Windows.
You should also choose the same edition of Windows. For more info, go to the Volume Licensing Service Center. Microsoft Office products. If you just purchased a new device that includes Officewe recommend redeeming installing Office before upgrading to Windows For more information, check How to upgrade to Windows 10 on new devices that include Office Using the tool to create installation media: Select Download tool nowcan i download windows 10 from microsoft select Run.
If can i download windows 10 from microsoft agree to the license terms, select Accept. Any content on the flash drive will be deleted. ISO file. After the file is downloaded, you can go to location where the file is saved, or select Open DVD burnerand follow the instructions to burn the file to a DVD. After the installation media is created, follow the steps below to use it.
Restart your PC. On caan Install Windows page, select your language, time, and keyboard preferences, and then select Next. Select Install Windows.
Right-click the ISO file and select Mount. Double-click the ISO file to view the files within. Double-click setup. Visit the Windows Insider site to download Insider Preview builds.
Visit the Download Academic Products page for Education editions product key required. Give feedback Please select an option.
Please select an option. Tell us what we can do to improve this site. Thank you for your valuable input.
Can i download windows 10 from microsoft.The best Windows ever
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We also recommend that you visit your PC manufacturer’s website for info about updated drivers and hardware compatibility. Language in Windows.
You’ll need to choose the same language when you install Windows Edition of Windows. You should also choose the same edition of Windows. Please see the Volume Licensing Service Center for more information. Microsoft Office products.
If you just purchased a new device that includes Office , we recommend redeeming installing Office before upgrading to Windows For more information, check How to upgrade to Windows 10 on new devices that include Office Select an edition from the drop down menu. Select edition Windows Confirm Privacy. Visit the Windows Insider site to download Insider Preview builds. Visit the Download Academic Products page for Education editions product key required.
Give feedback Please select an option.
With today’s release of Windows 10 21H1, http://replace.me/11921.txt known as the May UpdateMicrosoft has also released new ISO disk images ccan the operating system. If you want to perform a clean install of the operating system on a new machine or run into a problem, it is always helpful to have a copy of the latest Windows 10 media available.
If you are not familiar with an Продолжение здесь image, it is a sector-by-sector copy of a DVD that can be written, or burned, to another DVD вас.
skills for success with microsoft office 2016 access code free download же create a replica of the original media. ISO images can also be mounted as a drive letter wondows Windows or extracted by a cownload like 7-Zip to access adobe photoshop elements content aware free download contained files.
For your convenience, you can also use the following links to download the Windows 10 21H1 English versions. Windows 10 21H1 English bit mictosoft link. You will now have the latest Windows 10 ISO image file saved to your folder, which can be used for virtual machines or to create bootable media at a later date.
Readers eownload note that the above instructions work in any Chromium-based browser, not only Chrome or the new Edge. Now читать you have downloaded the ISO, you can use it jicrosoft upgrade your existing Windows 10 operating system, perform a clean install of Windows 10 21H1 on a перейти на источник PC, or use it for troubleshooting via the recovery environment.
For example, if you can no longer boot your computer due to a virus or wish to enter the Windows 10 Recovery Environment to remove a stubborn infection, you can boot your computer using the Windows 10 installation media to repair mictosoft computer. It is suggested that all users create new media from the Windows 10 ISOs as new feature updates are released. Microsoft reveals final plan to remove Flash Player in Windows Windows 10 21H1 is released, these are the new features.
Microsoft moves Windows 10 21H1 to the Release preview channel. Windows downloac 21H1 update: What’s new, how to download, and more. Windows 10 is gaining these nifty enhancements in the next update.
Microsoft are still developing 32bit Windows! I thought they would of hung up the towel with is one. Not a member yet? Register Now. To receive periodic updates and news from BleepingComputerplease use the form below. Learn more about what is not allowed to be posted. Microsofh 18, PM 1. Once downloaded, run can i download windows 10 from microsoft MediaCreationTool21H1. Click Yes, and the Media Creation Tool will prepare a few things before it can proceed.
When done, the MCT will show you a license agreement. At this prompt, select the Create installation media option and then press the Next button. Downloar process can take some time, so please http://replace.me/23412.txt patient. By default, the MCT will use your local language and architecture, but you can uncheck 100 the recommended options for this PC checkbox to select other options.
When done, click on the Next button. You will now be dkwnload to select a location photoshop tutorial bangla free download save your ISO file. Select a folder to save the ISO file to, and then click on the Save button.
Please be patient while dkwnload file can i download windows 10 from microsoft created. Downkoad on the Chrome menu, then More Tools, and then select Developer tools, as shown нажмите для продолжения. This toolbar lets you force Http://replace.me/11975.txt to impersonate another device, such as a mobile phone or a tablet.
Click on the menu that should show Responsive and select iPad or iPad Pro so that you have a larger screen to work with. When you на этой странице one of these devices, you should see the screen resize to reflect the size of the device’s screen.
Now refresh the page in the browser by pressing the F5 читать статью. Now click on the drop-down arrow under ‘Select edition’ and select the ‘ Windows 10’ option under “Windows 10 May Update”.
Once selected, click on the Confirm button. After a few seconds, Microsoft’s site will now ask you to select the language for your ISO. Select your language and press the Confirm button again.
Finally, can i download windows 10 from microsoft will be asked to either download the bit or bit ISO. When ready, downloas on one of these choices, and нажмите для продолжения respective Windows 21H1 ISO image will be downloaded. Can i download windows 10 from microsoft to use the Windows 10 ISO Now that you have downloaded the ISO, you can use it to upgrade form existing Windows 10 operating mircosoft, perform a clean install of Windows 10 21H1 on a new PC, or use it for troubleshooting via the recovery environment.
When performing a clean install of Windows 10, you must have a Windows 10 product key available. Related Articles: Microsoft windoss final plan to remove Flash Player in Windows 10 Windows 10 21H1 is released, these are the new features Microsoft moves Windows 10 21H1 to the Release preview channel Windows 10 21H1 update: What’s new, how to download, and more Windows 10 is gaining these nifty enhancements in the next update. Lawrence’s area of expertise includes malware removal can i download windows 10 from microsoft computer forensics.
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Buy Windows 10 and you’ll get more flexibility than ever before. If you’re already a Windows user, download a Windows 10 upgrade so you can experience the latest in Windows technology. If you work with big data, create large graphics, edit video, or need CAD (Computer Aided Design), Windows 10 Pro for Workstations is for you. All Windows 10 editions are available when you select Windows 10, except for Enterprise edition. For more information on Enterprise edition, go to the Volume Licensing Service Center. May 15, · Follow these steps to create installation media (USB flash drive or DVD) you can use to install a new copy of Windows 10, perform a clean installation, or reinstall Windows Before you download the tool make sure you have. 20 hours ago · How to download a Windows 10 21H1 ISO from Microsoft. Below we describe two methods that you can create or download a Windows 10 21H1 ISO image. For your convenience, you can also use the.
20 hours ago · Microsoft’s latest Windows 10 update, version 21H1, is rolling out now. Here’s how to download the update and all of the new features it includes. Buy Windows 10 and you’ll get more flexibility than ever before. If you’re already a Windows user, download a Windows 10 upgrade so you can experience the latest in Windows technology. If you work with big data, create large graphics, edit video, or need CAD (Computer Aided Design), Windows 10 Pro for Workstations is for you. There are two ways to get Windows A short quiz will help you decide whether to buy Windows 10 to install on your current PC, or to buy a new Windows 10 PC. May 15, · Follow these steps to create installation media (USB flash drive or DVD) you can use to install a new copy of Windows 10, perform a clean installation, or reinstall Windows Before you download the tool make sure you have.
how to download windows 10 for free of charge – Microsoft Community.Can i download windows 10 from microsoft
Under Create Windows 10 installation media , click Download tool now and Run. If you’re upgrading a different machine, choose Create installation media for another PC , and save the installation files. It should be noted that if you have a Windows 7 or 8 Home license, you can only update to Windows 10 Home, while Windows 7 or 8 Pro can only be updated to Windows 10 Pro.
The upgrade is not available for Windows Enterprise. Other users may experience blocks as well , depending on your machine. This upgrade using the media creation tool isn’t meant for the general consumer, but it works for many nonetheless. To get the best Windows 10 experience and take advantage of features like passwordless sign-on through Windows Hello , you’ll want to purchase a new Windows 10 PC or one released after July with all the hardware upgrades.
If you’re a student or university faculty member, you may also be able to download Windows 10 for free search for your school’s software offerings here. For more, check out the best antivirus protection of for Windows 10 , six security changes all Windows 10 users need to make and everything to know about the Windows 10 spring update , and three new features from the Windows 10 October update and how to use them. You can also get Microsoft Office online free , too.
Down syndrome abortion bans gain traction after court ruling. Replay Video. According to Digital Trends , the update also includes new icons, updated settings pages and some tweaks to Cortana and the search box experience. The May update began rolling out on May 18 to select devices, starting with those running Windows 10 version or later. Not all devices will be offered the update right away, so try to be patient until it reaches yours. There also may be some compatibility issues, according to Microsoft’s blog post — if that happens, Microsoft has a safeguard hold in place and will not offer you the update until the team is confident that you’ll have a good update experience.
If available, you’ll see Feature update to Windows 10, version 21H1. Click Download and install. This marks the first time an H1 first half of the calendar year feature update is being delivered using Microsoft’s servicing technology. That means it’ll arrive the same way that monthly Windows 10 updates do.
It’s also the same way the October update was released. If you’re already running either Windows 10 version or version 20H2, it’ll be a fast installation process to get the newest update. This could take the form of a major OS update for Windows 10 later this year that would bring a major design refresh to the UI, according to a report from Windows Central. Thanks for your feedback.
That is not free of charge, it is a trial version of an Edition of Windows that is not for the Home user, it is a volume licence of Windows You can download the ISO file free of charge, but that doesn’t give you a license to use it. So you can’t activate it unless you pay for it.
Choose where you want to search below Search Search the Community. Search the community and support articles Windows Windows 10 Search Community member. This thread is locked. You can follow the question or vote as helpful, but you cannot reply to this thread. I have the same question Report abuse. Details required :. Cancel Submit. Kapil Arya [Directly]. Hope this helps! How satisfied are you with this reply?
Thanks for your feedback, it helps us improve the site. Andre for Directly Independent Advisor.
Buy Windows 10 and you’ll get more flexibility than ever before. If you’re already a Windows user, download a Windows 10 upgrade so you can experience the latest in Windows technology. If you work with big data, create large graphics, edit video, or need CAD (Computer Aided Design), Windows 10 Pro for Workstations is for you. May 09, · Download the file you need. On a Windows device, things are a bit complicated: Head over to the download page. Under the Create Windows 10 installation media, click on the Download . 20 hours ago · How to download a Windows 10 21H1 ISO from Microsoft. Below we describe two methods that you can create or download a Windows 10 21H1 ISO image. For your convenience, you can also use the. May 15, · Follow these steps to create installation media (USB flash drive or DVD) you can use to install a new copy of Windows 10, perform a clean installation, or reinstall Windows Before you download the tool make sure you have. Jan 08, · Windows 10 is not free if you are running Windows 8 or earlier or your computer doesn’t have a license installed at all. If all you need to the installation files for Windows 10, here is how you get them: What you should do, is first download the ISO file using Media Creation Tool, then use another tool such as Rufus to make a bootable copy.
Before updating, please refer to the Windows release information status for known issues to confirm your device is not impacted. The Update Assistant can help you update to the latest version of Windows To get started, click Update now.
To get started, you will first need to have a license to install Windows You can then download and run the media creation tool.
For more information on how to use the tool, see the instructions below. Note : Before you install Windows 10, check to make sure your PC meets the system requirements for Windows We also recommend going to the PC manufacturer’s website for any additional info about updated drivers and hardware compatibility.
After downloading and installing, the tool will walk you through how to set up Windows 10 on your PC. All Windows 10 editions are available when you select Windows 10, except for Enterprise edition.
Follow these steps to create installation media USB flash drive or DVD you can use to install a new copy of Windows 10, perform a clean installation, or reinstall Windows If you have Office or earlier and choose to perform a clean install of Windows 10, you will need to locate your Office product key. For tips on locating your product key, check Find your Office product key or Enter the product key for your Office program. Select the language, edition, and architecture bit or bit for Windows After completing the steps to install Windows 10, please check that you have all the necessary device drivers installed.
Note: Drivers for Surface devices may be found on the Download drivers and firmware for Surface page. To open a boot menu or change the boot order, you’ll typically need to press a key such as F2, F12, Delete, or Esc immediately after you turn on your PC. For instructions on accessing the boot menu or changing the boot order for your PC, check the documentation that came with your PC or go to the manufacturer’s website. If changing the boot menu or order doesn’t work, and your PC immediately boots into the OS you want to replace, it is possible the PC had not fully shut down.
To ensure the PC fully shuts down, select the power button on the sign-in screen or on the Start menu and select Shut down. If you downloaded an ISO file for Windows 10, the file is saved locally at the location you selected.
If you have a third-party DVD burning program installed on your computer that you prefer to use for creating the installation DVD, that program might open by going to the location where the file is saved and double-clicking the ISO file, or right-click the ISO file, select Open with and choose your preferred DVD burning software.
Right-click the ISO file and select Properties. Then right-click the ISO file and select Burn disc image. This will perform an upgrade of your current operating system to Windows Download Windows 10 Before updating, please refer to the Windows release information status for known issues to confirm your device is not impacted. Update now Privacy. Create Windows 10 installation media To get started, you will first need to have a license to install Windows Download tool now Privacy.
Select Download tool , and select Run. You need to be an administrator to run this tool. On the License terms page, if you accept the license terms, select Accept. On the What do you want to do? Your copy of Windows 10 will automatically activate later using your digital license. Select Change what to keep to set whether you would like to Keep personal files and apps , or Keep personal files only , or choose to keep Nothing during the upgrade.
It might take some time to install Windows 10, and your PC will restart a few times. Before you download the tool make sure you have: An internet connection internet service provider fees may apply. Sufficient data storage available on a computer, USB or external drive for the download. System requirements. Make sure the PC meets the system requirements for Windows We also recommend going to the PC manufacturer’s website for additional info about updated drivers and hardware compatibility.
Language in Windows. You’ll need to choose the same language when you install Windows Edition of Windows. You should also choose the same edition of Windows.
For more info, go to the Volume Licensing Service Center. Microsoft Office products. If you just purchased a new device that includes Office , we recommend redeeming installing Office before upgrading to Windows For more information, check How to upgrade to Windows 10 on new devices that include Office Using the tool to create installation media: Select Download tool now , and select Run.
If you agree to the license terms, select Accept. Any content on the flash drive will be deleted. ISO file. After the file is downloaded, you can go to location where the file is saved, or select Open DVD burner , and follow the instructions to burn the file to a DVD. After the installation media is created, follow the steps below to use it.
Restart your PC. On the Install Windows page, select your language, time, and keyboard preferences, and then select Next. Select Install Windows. Right-click the ISO file and select Mount.
Double-click the ISO file to view the files within. Double-click setup. Visit the Windows Insider site to download Insider Preview builds. Visit the Download Academic Products page for Education editions product key required. Give feedback Please select an option. Please select an option. Tell us what we can do to improve this site. Thank you for your valuable input.
There are two ways to get Windows A short quiz will help you decide whether to buy Windows 10 to install on your current PC, or to buy a new Windows 10 PC. All Windows 10 editions are available when you select Windows 10, except for Enterprise edition. For more information on Enterprise edition, go to the Volume Licensing Service Center. May 15, · Follow these steps to create installation media (USB flash drive or DVD) you can use to install a new copy of Windows 10, perform a clean installation, or reinstall Windows Before you download the tool make sure you have. 20 hours ago · How to download a Windows 10 21H1 ISO from Microsoft. Below we describe two methods that you can create or download a Windows 10 21H1 ISO image. For your convenience, you can also use the.
There are two ways to get Windows A short quiz will help you decide whether to buy Windows 10 to install on your current PC, or to buy a new Windows 10 PC. To use the media creation tool, visit the Microsoft Software Download Windows 10 page from a Windows 7, Windows or Windows 10 device. You can use this page to download a disc image (ISO file) that can be used to install or reinstall Windows 20 hours ago · Microsoft’s latest Windows 10 update, version 21H1, is rolling out now. Here’s how to download the update and all of the new features it includes. May 09, · Download the file you need. On a Windows device, things are a bit complicated: Head over to the download page. Under the Create Windows 10 installation media, click on the Download . Jan 08, · Windows 10 is not free if you are running Windows 8 or earlier or your computer doesn’t have a license installed at all. If all you need to the installation files for Windows 10, here is how you get them: What you should do, is first download the ISO file using Media Creation Tool, then use another tool such as Rufus to make a bootable copy.
Before you begin Make sure you have: An internet connection internet service provider fees may apply. Sufficient data storage available on a computer, USB or external drive for the download. System requirements. See the system requirements before installing Windows We also recommend that you visit your PC manufacturer’s website for info about updated drivers and hardware compatibility.
Language in Windows. You’ll need to choose the same language when you install Windows While there are a few useful new features, it seems likely that Microsoft is using this smaller update cycle to prepare for a larger Windows 10 UI update, reportedly code-named Sun Valley , that will be part of Microsoft’s renewed focus on Windows 10 that executives mentioned last year.
We won’t know exactly what that means until a larger update is confirmed, but we’ve collected some rumors below. Read more : The best antivirus protection of for Windows Here’s what to know about Windows 10 version 21H1, and what it could mean for the future of the OS. Stay current on the latest Microsoft news, plus reviews and advice on Windows PCs.
It’s also called the Windows 10 May update. Usually, Microsoft releases a larger feature update in the spring and a smaller one in the fall. But version 21H1, though a spring update, is a more minor update rather than an overhaul. We have already shared a detailed tutorial on how to download Windows 10 version 20H2 ISO files; here is a recap of how to quickly download the ISO files to clean install Windows 10 20H2 in the future:.
If you want a clean slate, you can manually install the operating system to get a fresh copy running on your device once you have downloaded the ISO files from Microsoft. Just keep following instructions on the Media Creation Tool.
Or, look into this piece for steps. If you are ready to upgrade to the latest Windows 10 October Update and don’t want to download an ISO file, you can do that directly through the Settings app. If the latest version is available for your PC, you will be able to download and install it there and then. Go to the Download Windows 10 website. Under Create Windows 10 installation media , click Download tool now and Run. If you’re upgrading a different machine, choose Create installation media for another PC , and save the installation files.
It should be noted that if you have a Windows 7 or 8 Home license, you can only update to Windows 10 Home, while Windows 7 or 8 Pro can only be updated to Windows 10 Pro. The upgrade is not available for Windows Enterprise. Other users may experience blocks as well , depending on your machine. This upgrade using the media creation tool isn’t meant for the general consumer, but it works for many nonetheless. To get the best Windows 10 experience and take advantage of features like passwordless sign-on through Windows Hello , you’ll want to purchase a new Windows 10 PC or one released after July with all the hardware upgrades.
If you’re a student or university faculty member, you may also be able to download Windows 10 for free search for your school’s software offerings here.
Приведенная ссылка this reply helpful? Yes No. Sorry this didn’t help. Thanks for your feedback. That is not free of charge, it is a trial version of an Edition of Windows that is not for the Home user, it is a volume licence of Windows You can download the ISO file free of charge, but that doesn’t give you a license to use it. So you can’t activate it unless you pay for it. Choose where you want to search below Search Search the Community.
Search the community and support articles Windows Windows 10 Search Community member. This thread is locked. You can follow the question or vote as helpful, but you cannot reply to this thread. I have the same question Report abuse. Details required :. Cancel Submit. Kapil Arya [Directly].
Hope this helps! How satisfied are you with this reply? Thanks for your feedback, it helps us improve the site. Andre for Directly Independent Advisor.
Hi reshawn Windows 10 is not free if you are running Windows 8 or earlier or your computer doesn’t have a license installed at all. If all you need to the installation files for Windows 10, here is how you get them: What you should do, is first can i download windows 10 from microsoft the ISO file using Media Creation Tool, then use another tool microsoft office home and business 2016 iso download free download эта as Rufus to make a bootable copy.
Image Click in the Edition list box, choose your edition then click Next. Windows can i download windows 10 from microsoft – contains Windows 10 Home and Windows 10 Pro.
Windows 10 N – only select this edition if you reside in Europe, it does not contain Windows Media Player. In order to use an ISO you must burn it to a optical disc. If you are using Windows 7, you can create the. ISO then burn it using the built in Disc Image utility. Creating a. ISO file For the purposes of this exercise, we are gonna use the. ISO option. Wait while the. ISO image is created. Click in the list box then choose your partition scheme.
If you select the ISO, Rufus will automatically select the appropriate can i download windows 10 from microsoft for you. Next, click in the File system list box, then choose FAT Leave the default Cluster size then enter a label for your thumb drive. Click the choose disk image icon, browse to where the ISO file is located, select it then click Open. Click Can i download windows 10 from microsoft to copy the files to the thumb drive.
If you have any files on the thumb drive, they will be deleted. Wait while the files are copied to your thumb drive. Close when complete. Hello, although Windows 10 is not free, you can use most of the basic features for free on trial mode. When you see the option to enter the Licence key, you can click on skip for now. Hope this helps, and let me know if you have further questions!
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20 hours ago · Microsoft’s latest Windows 10 update, version 21H1, is rolling out now. Here’s how to download the update and all of the new features it includes. Jan 08, · Windows 10 is not free if you are running Windows 8 or earlier or your computer doesn’t have a license installed at all. If all you need to the installation files for Windows 10, here is how you get them: What you should do, is first download the ISO file using Media Creation Tool, then use another tool such as Rufus to make a bootable copy. 20 hours ago · How to download a Windows 10 21H1 ISO from Microsoft. Below we describe two methods that you can create or download a Windows 10 21H1 ISO image. For your convenience, you can also use the.
Can i download windows 10 from microsoft.Now Is the Best Time to Save a Copy of Windows 10 v20H2 Ahead of 21H1 Release – How to
Download Windows 10 Before updating, please refer to the Windows release information status for known issues to confirm your device is not impacted. Update now Privacy. Create Windows 10 installation media To get started, you will first need to have a licence to install Windows Download tool now Privacy. Select Download tool , and select Run.
You need to be an administrator to run this tool. On the License terms page, if you accept the license terms, select Accept. On the What do you want to do? After downloading and installing, the tool will walk you through how to set up Windows 10 on your PC. All Windows 10 editions are available when you select Windows 10, except for Enterprise edition. Your copy of Windows 10 will automatically activate later using your digital license.
Select Change what to keep to set whether you would like to Keep personal files and apps , or Keep personal files only , or choose to keep Nothing during the upgrade. It might take some time to install Windows 10, and your PC will restart a few times. Before you download the tool make sure you have: An internet connection internet service provider fees may apply. Sufficient data storage available on a computer, USB or external drive for the download. System requirements.
Make sure the PC meets the system requirements for Windows We also recommend going to the PC manufacturer’s website for additional info about updated drivers and hardware compatibility.
Language in Windows. You’ll need to choose the same language when you install Windows Edition of Windows. You should also choose the same edition of Windows. If you are using Windows 7, you can create the. ISO then burn it using the built in Disc Image utility.
Creating a. ISO file For the purposes of this exercise, we are gonna use the. ISO option. Wait while the. ISO image is created. Click in the list box then choose your partition scheme. If you select the ISO, Rufus will automatically select the appropriate options for you.
Next, click in the File system list box, then choose FAT Leave the default Cluster size then enter a label for your thumb drive. Click the choose disk image icon, browse to where the ISO file is located, select it then click Open. Click Start to copy the files to the thumb drive. If you have any files on the thumb drive, they will be deleted. Wait while the files are copied to your thumb drive. Close when complete. Hello, although Windows 10 is not free, you can use most of the basic features for free on trial mode.
You should also choose the same edition of Windows. Please see the Volume Licensing Service Center for more information. Microsoft Office products. If you just purchased a new device that includes Office , we recommend redeeming installing Office before upgrading to Windows For more information, check How to upgrade to Windows 10 on new devices that include Office Select an edition from the drop down menu. Select edition Windows Confirm Privacy.
Visit the Windows Insider site to download Insider Preview builds. Visit the Download Academic Products page for Education editions product key required.
Microsoft’s latest Windows 10 update, version 21H1, is rolling out now. Here’s how czn download the update and all of the new features it includes. The latest operating system update follows the October updateand includes new features like Windows Hello multicamera support and security fixes. While there are a few useful new features, dowwnload seems likely that Microsoft is using this smaller can i download windows 10 from microsoft cycle to prepare for a larger Windows 10 UI update, reportedly code-named Sun Valleythat will be part of Microsoft’s renewed focus on Windows 10 that executives mentioned last year.
We won’t know exactly what that means until a larger update is confirmed, but we’ve collected some rumors below. Read can i download windows 10 from microsoft : The best antivirus protection of for Windows Here’s what to know about Windows 10 version 21H1, and what it could mean for the future of the OS. Stay current can i download windows 10 from microsoft the latest Microsoft news, plus reviews and advice on Windows PCs.
It’s also called the Windows 10 May update. Usually, Microsoft releases a larger feature update in the spring and a smaller one in the fall. But version 21H1, though a spring update, is a more minor update rather than an overhaul.
Read more : Windows 10 tips: Secret Start menu, taking screenshots and more. According to a February Microsoft blog postnew Windows windwos features include:. According to Digital Microxoftthe update also includes new icons, updated settings pages and some tweaks to Cortana and the search box experience.
The May update began rolling out on May 18 to select devices, starting with those running Windows 10 version or later. Not all devices will be offered the update right away, so try to be patient until it reaches yours.
There also may be some compatibility issues, according to Microsoft’s blog post — if that happens, Microsoft has a safeguard hold in place and will not offer you the update until the team is confident that you’ll have a good update experience. If available, you’ll see Feature http://replace.me/22402.txt to Windows 10, version 21H1. Click Download and install.
This marks the first time an H1 first half of the calendar year feature update is being delivered using Microsoft’s servicing technology.
That means it’ll arrive the same frlm that monthly Windows 10 updates do. It’s also the same way the October update was released. If you’re already running either Windows 10 version or version 20H2, it’ll be a fast installation process to get the newest update.
This could take the form of a major OS update for Windows window later this year that would bring a major design refresh to the UI, according to a report from Windows Central.
The update, reportedly code-named Sun Valleycould bring a redesigned Start menu, Action Center and File Explorer, with drom more modern can i download windows 10 from microsoft and new features. Microslft Valley is expected to cxn released around the holiday season, Windows Central says, but that could change. Another factor: Microsoft said that its Windows 10X OS designed for dual-screen devices like the Surface Duo and the Surface Neo will not dowload to market this year, as Microsoft originally intended.
Instead, Microsoft will build parts of that technology into other parts of Windows and products from the company, the May 18 blog wwindows said. For more, check out the best three new features in the Windows 10 October update and six simple security changes all Windows microsooft users need microsot make. New Windows can i download windows 10 from microsoft update is here: How to download May features, everything else to know Microsoft’s latest Windows 10 update, version 21H1, is rolling out download 19 studio pinnacle ultimate free. Alison DeNisco Rayome.
May 18, a. The latest Windows 10 update is rolling out to devices now. Now playing: Watch this: Windows Try these hidden features right now.
We also recommend that you visit your PC manufacturer’s website for info about updated drivers and hardware compatibility. Language in Windows. You’ll need to choose the same language when you install Windows Edition of Windows. You should also choose the same edition of Windows.
Please see the Volume Licensing Service Center for more information. Microsoft Office products. Hope this helps! How satisfied are you with this reply? Thanks for your feedback, it helps us improve the site.
Andre for Directly Independent Advisor. Hi reshawn Windows 10 is not free if you are running Windows 8 or earlier or your computer doesn’t have a license installed at all. If all you need to the installation files for Windows 10, here is how you get them: What you should do, is first download the ISO file using Media Creation Tool, then use another tool such as Rufus to make a bootable copy.
Image Click in the Edition list box, choose your edition then click Next. Windows 10 – contains Windows 10 Home and Windows 10 Pro. Windows 10 N – only select this edition if you reside in Europe, it does not contain Windows Media Player.
In order to use an ISO you must burn it to a optical disc. If you are using Windows 7, you can create the. ISO then burn it using the built in Disc Image utility. Creating a. For more information on how to use the tool, see the instructions below. Note : Before you install Windows 10, check to make sure your PC meets the system requirements for Windows We also recommend going to the PC manufacturer’s website for any additional info about updated drivers and hardware compatibility.
Follow these steps to create installation media USB flash drive or DVD you can use to install a new copy of Windows 10, perform a clean installation, or reinstall Windows If you have Office or earlier and choose to perform a clean install of Windows 10, you will need to locate your Office product key. For tips on locating your product key, check Find your Office product key or Enter the product key for your Office program.
Select the language, edition, and architecture bit or bit for Windows After completing the steps to install Windows 10, please check that you have all the necessary device drivers installed. Note: Drivers for Surface devices may be found on the Download drivers and firmware for Surface page. To open a boot menu or change the boot order, you’ll typically need to press a key such as F2, F12, Delete, or Esc immediately after you turn on your PC.
For instructions on accessing the boot menu or changing the boot order for your PC, check the documentation that came with your PC or go to the manufacturer’s website. If changing the boot menu or order doesn’t work, and your PC immediately boots into the OS you want to replace, it is possible the PC had not fully shut down. To ensure the PC fully shuts down, select the power button on the sign-in screen or on the Start menu and select Shut down.
If you downloaded an ISO file for Windows 10, the file is saved locally at the location you selected. If you have a third-party DVD burning program installed on your computer that you prefer to use for creating the installation DVD, that program might open by going to the location where the file is saved and double-clicking the ISO file, or right-click the ISO file, select Open with and choose your preferred DVD burning software.
Right-click the ISO file and select Properties. Go to the Download Windows 10 website. Under Create Windows 10 installation media , click Download tool now and Run.
If you’re upgrading a different machine, choose Create installation media for another PC , and save the installation files.
It should be noted that if you have a Windows 7 or 8 Home license, you can only update to Windows 10 Home, while Windows 7 or 8 Pro can only be updated to Windows 10 Pro.
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If you’re a student or university faculty member, you may also be able to download Windows 10 for free search for your school’s software offerings here.
Support for Windows 7 ended more than a year ago, and Microsoft wants holdouts to upgrade to Windows 10 to keep devices running securely and smoothly. But you don’t necessarily have to shell out the cash: A free upgrade offer from Microsoft that technically ended in still works for many people.
And if you’ve found yourself spending more time at home on your computer due to the pandemicit may be a good time to try it out for yourself. When Windows 10 was first released in JulyMicrosoft offered an unprecedented free upgrade offer for Windows 7, 8 and 8. As of the end of Aprilreaders are still emailing me and commenting below, saying that it’s worked for them as well. Read more: Windows 10 tips: How to take screenshots, find the secret Start menu and more. Windows 7 users who don’t upgrade to the new version will no longer be able to get Microsoft’s security updates or fixes, or technical support for any issues, leaving your computer at greater risk from viruses and malware.
While Windows 10 users have experienced a number of bugs over the years, upgrading remains the best option for keeping your computer safeanalysts say. And more people seem to be making the move: Windows 10 now has more than 1 billion active users worldwide, Microsoft reported in March.
Here’s how to get Windows 10 for free, if you’re currently running a licensed and activated copy of Windows 7, Windows 8 or Windows 8. Go to the Download Windows 10 website.
Under Create Windows 10 installation mediaclick Download tool now and Run. If you’re upgrading a different machine, choose Create installation media for another PCand save the installation files. It should be noted that if you have a Windows 7 or 8 Home license, you can only update to Windows 10 Home, while Windows 7 or 8 Pro can only be updated to Windows 10 Pro.
The upgrade is not available for Windows Enterprise. Other users may experience blocks as welldepending on your machine. This upgrade using the media creation tool can i download windows 10 from microsoft meant for the general consumer, but it can i download windows 10 from microsoft for many nonetheless. To get the best Windows 10 experience and take advantage of features like passwordless sign-on through Windows Helloyou’ll want to purchase a new Windows 10 PC or one released after July with all the hardware upgrades.
If you’re a student or university Прочел. nero 11 platinum hd free download просто member, you may also be able to download Windows 10 for free search for your school’s software offerings here. For more, check can i download windows 10 from microsoft the best antivirus protection of for Windows 10six security changes all Windows 10 users need to make and everything to know about the Windows 10 spring updateand three new features from the Windows 10 October update and how to use them.
You can also get Microsoft Office online freetoo. Down syndrome abortion bans gain traction after court ruling. Replay Video. Skip Ad. Load Error. How to take Windows 10 screenshots. CNET See more videos. Click can i download windows 10 from microsoft expand. Windows 10 fall update: Here’s what’s new. Microsoft and partners may be compensated if you purchase something through recommended links in this article. Found the story interesting? Like us on Facebook to see similar stories.
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Adobe premiere pro for pc windows 10 free

Странным показалось только одно: об этой организации Беккер никогда прежде не слышал. Беккер позвонил одному из своих коллег: – Тебе что-нибудь известно об Агентстве национальной безопасности.
Это был не первый его звонок, но ответ оставался неизменным: – Ты имеешь в виду Совет национальной безопасности. Беккер еще раз просмотрел сообщение.
– Нет.
Adobe Premiere Rush is an editing software developed by Adobe, Inc. It is the primary across-the-board software for creating and sharing web recordings in the fastest, easiest, and most convenient way.
This editing tool software allows a user to alter, fix color tones, change or adjust free-trial sounds or own sounds, and add titles overlay, with easy-to-navigate tools, adjustable Motion Graphics formats, and incorporation with Adobe Stock.
Adobe Premiere Rush is considered to be the most on-the-go video editing software, where at any place, from cellular device to personal computer, a user can shoot, review a project and share top-notch video content worldwide through any social networking sites. With its features for motion graphics, audio, and many more, it has never been easier now and not a problem to edit or create videos that build audiences and retain attention. Not only this software allows you to stand out with its easy-to-use key features, but a user can also enjoy many more advantages of this software for it retains the video quality which makes an output one-hundred percent in terms of its quality.
Many users also defined Adobe Premiere Rush through their advantages that benefited them through continuous usage. Accordingly, it is a comprehensive, and well-designed organized layout of a user-friendly interface.
It has been well acknowledged for its convenience for it can be accessed through different devices, outputs or projects can also be directly posted to social media without hassle.
Not only this, the shifting or transition has also been made easier between Adobe Premiere Pro and Premiere Rush for this enables users to still enjoy and find any hassle situation. In a world where everything is as instant as Instagram , and all other social networks, Adobe Premiere Rush has a lot to offer. From providing video creators a modern all-in-one video editing platform and aid that gives them an opportunity to quickly edit and publish videos on YouTube and other video publishing sites, Adobe Premiere Rush is indeed the best editing craft tool for the generation.
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Windows 10 Desktop Conclusion Luckily, Windows 10 provides you Windows Mac. Windows Users’ choice Adobe premiere pro for windows 10 Adobe premiere pro for windows 10 Most people looking for Adobe premiere pro for windows 10 downloaded: Adobe Premiere Pro. Adobe Premiere Pro CC Ignite Express. VidMobie Blu-ray Ripper. VidMobie Video Converter Ultimate. VidMobie Video Converter.
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User rating User Rating 9. It has been used by professionals to edit movies, television shows, and online videos, but its comprehensive set of editing tools enables all users to produce their own content.
With Adobe Premiere, you can trim, splice and enhance different file formats as well as complete common video editing tasks to deliver broadcast-quality, high-definition videos.
Adobe Premiere Pro is used by both new and seasoned editors. This is because it has a non-linear video editing interface that allows all users to easily change the order of the media or revoke previous decisions. This is done on its built-in edit decision list or EDL. The EDL is vital to editors that create long-form videos as it contains an ordered list of reel and timecode data.
In addition, Adobe Premiere has an extensive set of editing tools to edit videos, images, and audio. You will be using the Selection tool the most as it enables you to perform basic selections and edits such as marking specific edit points, selecting multiple clips and trimming audio tracks. This means it will move all file formats as it is displayed on the list. In the post-production process, you will be using the Ripple Edit and Rolling Edit tools the most. The Ripple Edit tool trims one clip and ripples the clips that proceed it, effectively closing the gaps between two edit points.
The Rolling Edit is suited for fine-tuning your edit points. It does this by moving the Out point and In point of two clips either forward or backward in a sequence. Adobe Premiere Pro supports various video and audio formats, allowing you to have the same post-production workflow as professional editors. You will find that most cameras and smartphones export media in MP4 format. Although it is a format that is supported by Adobe Premiere, some MP4 codecs may not be recognized by the program.
Adobe Premiere Pro Adobe Premiere Pro is suitable for professionals as it has a large array of features that meets the needs of editors from different industries. They either use a drag-and-drop or click-and-drag motion along the EDL, which allow you to interact with your video in real-time.
Overall, Adobe Premiere Pro is an easy-to-use program that enables all users to create high-quality content. We don’t have any change log information yet for version Sometimes publishers take a little while to make this information available, so please check back in a few days to see if it has been updated. If you have any changelog info you can share with us, we’d love to hear from you! Head over to our Contact page and let us know. Adobe Premiere Pro CC is still one of the most widely used video editing and publishing programs.
It’s been around for years, and despite being relatively new, still remains a staple in both the film. Adobe Premiere Elements is an advanced video editing software program released by Adobe Systems.
Accordingly, it is a comprehensive, and well-designed organized layout of a user-friendly interface. It has been well acknowledged for its convenience for it can be accessed through different devices, outputs or projects can also be directly posted to social media without hassle.
Not only this, the shifting or transition has also been made easier between Adobe Premiere Pro and Premiere Rush for this enables users to still enjoy and find any hassle situation. In a world where everything is as instant as Instagram , and all other social networks, Adobe Premiere Rush has a lot to offer.
From providing video creators a modern all-in-one video editing platform and aid that gives them an opportunity to quickly edit and publish videos on YouTube and other video publishing sites, Adobe Premiere Rush is indeed the best editing craft tool for the generation.
This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.
Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. Ignite Express is a free set of over 90 color grading and visual effects plugins to use with your video editor. After Effects, Adobe Premiere Pro , AVI Converter Pro : 1. PRO 6. Crop video Merge video Final Cut Pro X.
Windows 7, 8, 8. Windows applications The app supports all. Completely free to download, Shotcut is a powerful, full-featured video editing program that works across a number of platforms.
The open-source software has a customizable interface and works well ev. Corel VideoStudio Pro is a video editing application, and provides an environment for editing videos, with a number of tools that enhance the video. There are a number of customization options, and ea. Adobe Premiere Pro for Windows Download Free Version.
Buy Now. Adobe Premiere Pro for PC Download Latest Version for Free. Aiseesoft Slideshow Creator. Free Flash to MP4 Converter. Sorenson Squeeze. Video Enhancer. Free video downloader. Open Video Downloader. Free Any Video Converter. Any Video Converter. Shotcut bit Completely free to download, Shotcut is a powerful, full-featured video editing program that works across a number of platforms.
Adobe Trial version. User rating User Rating 9. It has been used by professionals to edit movies, television shows, and online videos, but its comprehensive set of editing tools enables all users to produce their own content.
With Adobe Premiere, you can trim, splice and enhance different file formats as well as complete common video editing tasks to deliver broadcast-quality, high-definition videos.
Adobe Premiere Pro is used by both new and seasoned editors. This is because it has a non-linear video editing interface that allows all users to easily change the order of the media or revoke previous decisions. This is done on its built-in edit decision list or EDL. The EDL is vital to editors that create long-form videos as it contains an ordered list of reel and timecode data. In addition, Adobe Premiere has an extensive set of editing tools to edit videos, images, and audio.
You will be using the Selection tool the most as it enables you to perform basic selections and edits such as marking specific edit points, selecting multiple clips and trimming audio tracks.
This means it will move all file formats as it is displayed on the list. In the post-production process, you will be using the Ripple Edit and Rolling Edit tools the most. The Ripple Edit tool trims one clip and ripples the clips that proceed it, effectively closing the gaps between two edit points.
The Rolling Edit is suited for fine-tuning your edit points. It does this by moving the Out point and In point of two clips either forward or backward in a sequence. Adobe Premiere Pro supports various video and audio formats, allowing you to have the same post-production workflow as professional editors. You will find that most cameras and smartphones export media in MP4 format. Although it is a format that is supported by Adobe Premiere, some MP4 codecs may not be recognized by the program.
Adobe Premiere Pro Adobe Premiere Pro is suitable for professionals as it has a large array of features that meets the needs of editors from different industries. They either use a drag-and-drop or click-and-drag motion along the EDL, which allow you to interact with your video in real-time.
Overall, Adobe Premiere Pro is an easy-to-use program that enables all users to create high-quality content. We don’t have any change log information yet for version Sometimes publishers take a little while to make this information available, so please check back in a few days to see if it has been updated. If you have any changelog info you can share with us, we’d love to hear from you! Head over to our Contact page and let us know. Adobe Premiere Pro CC is still one of the most widely used video editing and publishing programs.
It’s been around for years, and despite being relatively new, still remains a staple in both the film. Adobe Premiere Elements is an advanced video editing software program released by Adobe Systems. It’s a scaled-down version of Adobe Premiere Pro, which is geared for users and amateur editors.
Adobe Photoshop is a desktop image editor developed by Adobe Inc. Widely considered as one of the most powerful image editors in the market, Adobe Photoshop is equipped with advanced features that can. Free Video Cutter Joiner is a software for cutting and then joining large video files.
A simple editing tool that cuts and joins videos in a number of formats. It is a tool that cuts and slices the vi. Adobe After Effects is a visual effects software developed by Adobe Inc. It is primarily used for post-production in film-making thanks to its large arsenal of tools for compositing, animation, effect. Adobe Dreamweaver is a web development tool developed by Adobe Inc. It is an Integrated Development Environment or IDE and it allows users to write code as well as view frontend changes directly from.
The app supports all. Completely free to download, Shotcut is a powerful, full-featured video editing program that works across a number of platforms. The open-source software has a customizable interface and works well ev. Corel VideoStudio Pro is a video editing application, and provides an environment for editing videos, with a number of tools that enhance the video.
There are a number of customization options, and ea. Adobe Premiere Pro for Windows Download Free Version. Buy Now. Adobe Premiere Pro for PC Download Latest Version for Free. Aiseesoft Slideshow Creator. Free Flash to MP4 Converter. Sorenson Squeeze. Video Enhancer. Free video downloader.
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Download adobe premiere pro for windows 10 for free.Adobe Premiere Pro for Windows
Windows 10 Desktop Conclusion Luckily, Windows 10 provides you Windows Mac. Windows Users’ choice Adobe premiere pro for windows 10 Adobe premiere pro for windows 10 Most people looking for Adobe premiere pro for windows 10 downloaded: Adobe Premiere Pro.
Adobe Premiere Pro CC Ignite Express. VidMobie Blu-ray Ripper. VidMobie Video Converter Ultimate. VidMobie Video Converter. Adobe Premiere Pro CS5. How to make a video clip. How to remove background noise in videos. How to use the remote desktop feature of Windows How to easily reinstall Windows It has been well acknowledged for its convenience for it can be accessed through different devices, outputs or projects can also be directly posted to social media without hassle.
Not only this, the shifting or transition has also been made easier between Adobe Premiere Pro and Premiere Rush for this enables users to still enjoy and find any hassle situation.
In a world where everything is as instant as Instagram , and all other social networks, Adobe Premiere Rush has a lot to offer.
From providing video creators a modern all-in-one video editing platform and aid that gives them an opportunity to quickly edit and publish videos on YouTube and other video publishing sites, Adobe Premiere Rush is indeed the best editing craft tool for the generation.
This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences.
This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. Adobe Premiere Rush Download. Developer :. Free Download.
NewBlue Motion Blends for Windows. Download. on 13 votes. NewBlue Motion Blends offers dynamic transitions that introduce refreshing new ways to move your imagery and keep your viewer engaged. – Adobe Premiere and higher, Premiere Elements 10 and higher – Sony Vegas Pro. Aug 02, · [ADOBE PREMIERE PRO FREE DOWNLOAD FOR WINDOWS 7] Adobe Premiere Pro is a feature-packed video editing software that includes tons of tools to ensure you you can create amazing videos full of stunning visual and audio effects. Designed for solo creators or AAA teams, tons of tools are included in Adobe Premiere Pro Adobe Premiere Rush Download. Adobe Premiere Rush is an editing software developed by Adobe, Inc. It is the primary across-the-board software for creating and sharing web recordings in the fastest, easiest, and most convenient way. This editing tool software allows a user to alter, fix color tones, change or adjust free-trial sounds or own.
Adobe Premiere is a professional video editing software designed for any type of film editing. It has numerous features that can enhance your video projects. Adobe Premiere caters to all types of projects. Short clips, films, and music videos are just a few of the types of projects that Premiere can help you with.
What sets Adobe Premiere apart from its competitors is how easy it is to use. Within minutes, even a new user can edit media projects like a pro. Import footage from virtually any device. Premiere can support most types of video coding, from mobile phones to digital cameras.
Apply effects and play around with different tools while a clip is in the media bin. Edit it once and use it as much as you want throughout the footage. Speed up the process by letting Premiere do the work for you. Their Motion Graphics template allows you to create infographics without slaving over the footage for hours.
Drag spreadsheets with your project information into a template and let the software create a visualization for you.
Take your project on-the-go and continue editing outside of your workspace. This software can be downloaded on the desktop with systems operating on Linux, Windows, and macOS.
Adobe Premiere is simple enough for beginners and detailed enough for professional video editors. Improve your video quality and standards with one app. Adobe Premiere is an impressive and unmatchable tool for editing videos. Transform your footage into powerful videos, infographics and much more. Impress everyone with your high-standard video footage.
With fewer hours of frustration and more time watching your project evolve, Adobe Premiere is the right choice for video editing software. Free mouse click automation tool. Undoubtedly one of the heavy hitters when it comes to cloud storage. Windows Defender Is it finally the ultimate free protection for your device? The program that recovers what’s been lost. The leader in video and sound players. Edit like a pro Edit your videos the way you envisioned, with this easy-to-use software and its powerful tools.
Where can you run this program? Is there a better alternative? Our take Adobe Premiere is an impressive and unmatchable tool for editing videos. Should you download it? Highs Cross-platform functionality Good for any type of video project Easy to import video footage Efficient editing tools. Lows Subscribe to Cloud to buy it Difficult to learn at first Hogs system resources. EverNote Organize your life – for free. VirtualBox Optimal tools.
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With its intuitive interface and wide range of features, Adobe Premiere Pro makes it easy for anyone to edit videos like a pro. Adobe Premiere Pro has everything you need to craft a compelling story for your videos. This app gives you complete creative control over every aspect of your project from start to finish.
You can use it as a full-featured editor or import media into Adobe Premiere Elements and trim clips together using the timeline.
With Adobe Premiere Pro, you have the power to create professional-quality content without having to be a seasoned filmmaker. With powerful features like transitions, effects, audio tools, and color correction, this app makes it easy to make your video stand out.
Add stylish special effects, audio enhancements, adjust colors and polish your work with advanced retiming options. Instead, use Adobe Flash Player on any device—including mobile phones and tablets—to access your files wherever they are stored. You can also edit footage directly from your professional camera. Create a more significant impact by using Photoshop , Frame. These apps give you even more ways to enhance your videos for social media, professional film development, or creating impressive home videos.
With Adobe Premiere Pro, you get access to thousands of royalty-free music tracks, sound effects, and other assets to help you tell your stories.
Start creating today! This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Windows Users’ choice Adobe premiere pro for windows 10 Adobe premiere pro for windows 10 Most people looking for Adobe premiere pro for windows 10 downloaded: Adobe Premiere Pro.
Adobe Premiere Pro CC Ignite Express. VidMobie Blu-ray Ripper. VidMobie Video Converter Ultimate. VidMobie Video Converter. Adobe Premiere Pro CS5.
How to make a video clip. How to remove background noise in videos. How to use the remote desktop feature of Windows How to easily reinstall Windows How to effectively backup and restore your Windows 10 PC. How to disable ads in Windows Twitter Facebook.
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Adobe Premiere Pro CC is a professional quality video editing application. NewBlue Motion Blends offers dynamic transitions that introduce refreshing new ways to move your imagery and keep your viewer engaged. Ignite Express is a free set of over 90 color grading and visual effects plugins to use with your video editor. After Effects, Adobe Premiere Pro , AVI Converter Pro : 1. PRO 6. Crop video Merge video Final Cut Pro X.
Windows 7, 8, 8. Windows applications Windows 10 Desktop Conclusion Luckily, Windows 10 provides you Windows Mac. Windows Users’ choice Adobe premiere pro for windows 10 Adobe premiere pro for windows 10 Most people looking for Adobe premiere pro for windows 10 downloaded: Adobe Premiere Pro.
Adobe Premiere Pro CC Ignite Express. VidMobie Blu-ray Ripper. VidMobie Video Converter Ultimate. VidMobie Video Converter. Adobe Premiere Pro CS5. How to make a video clip. How to remove background noise in videos. How to use the remote desktop feature of Windows How to easily reinstall Windows How to effectively backup and restore your Windows 10 PC. How to disable ads in Windows Twitter Facebook.
Crop video Merge video Final Cut Pro X. Windows 7, 8, 8. Windows applications Windows 10 Desktop Conclusion Luckily, Windows 10 provides you It has been used by professionals to edit movies, television shows, and online videos, but its comprehensive set of editing tools enables all users to produce their own content. With Adobe Premiere, you can trim, splice and enhance different file formats as well as complete common video editing tasks to deliver broadcast-quality, high-definition videos.
Adobe Premiere Pro is used by both new and seasoned editors. This is because it has a non-linear video editing interface that allows all users to easily change the order of the media or revoke previous decisions. This is done on its built-in edit decision list or EDL. The EDL is vital to editors that create long-form videos as it contains an ordered list of reel and timecode data.
In addition, Adobe Premiere has an extensive set of editing tools to edit videos, images, and audio. You will be using the Selection tool the most as it enables you to perform basic selections and edits such as marking specific edit points, selecting multiple clips and trimming audio tracks.
This means it will move all file formats as it is displayed on the list. In the post-production process, you will be using the Ripple Edit and Rolling Edit tools the most. The Ripple Edit tool trims one clip and ripples the clips that proceed it, effectively closing the gaps between two edit points. The Rolling Edit is suited for fine-tuning your edit points.
It does this by moving the Out point and In point of two clips either forward or backward in a sequence. Adobe Premiere Pro supports various video and audio formats, allowing you to have the same post-production workflow as professional editors. Our take Adobe Premiere is an impressive and unmatchable tool for editing videos.
Should you download it? Highs Cross-platform functionality Good for any type of video project Easy to import video footage Efficient editing tools. Lows Subscribe to Cloud to buy it Difficult to learn at first Hogs system resources.
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There is a misconception that in order to be a professional videographer, you need to pay for your software. Otherwise, you will not go further than Windows Movie Maker.
I want to dissuade you because you can get a really professional software in a legal way and absolutely free. There are a lot of Premiere Pro analogs that will perform tasks at the same level without additional payments. It is a simplified version of the paid video editor DaVinci Resolve. The app is focused on the professional color correction of video clips, but you can edit any type of video with its help.
This is the professional editor and you will immediately notice this both in the quality of the interface and in its functionality.
DaVinci Resolve Lite does not include many video filters, as it is primarily a color corrector, but OpenFX support solves this problem. You can download and install additional video filters. As a result, you will be able to expand the functionality according to your requirements. If you are wondering how to get Adobe Premiere Pro for free, I advise you to consider using this free alternative.
The software can be used for personal and educational purposes for free. The program interface does not look like ordinary video editors.
Videos are located not on the timeline, but on the graph here. The vertices of the graph are connected, thereby creating the final movie. It is worth noting that the program requires a powerful computer. Nuke includes a large number of filters for post-processing, transition, 3D and transformation effects.
Each of the effect parameters can be added to several keyframes.
In this article, I will tell you about how http://replace.me/3183.txt use Adobe Premiere free as well as why you should stop downloading torrent files. As usual, users receive a notification that it is necessary to buy a full version of the program after the trial adobe premiere pro for pc windows 10 free expires. However, you can also order a paid subscription on the official Adobe website.
Watch videos on YouTube. If you want to read the specialized literature on the ссылка на продолжение of Premiere free version, go to the official Adobe user guide. Adobe Co. They have only the most frequently used functions and a simple interface so all beginners or those who simply do not need the wide functions of their programs can use their products without problems.
Premiere Elements software contains the most essential Premiere Adoge elements necessary for basic video editing and color grading. It is fully optimized for amateurs and its system requirements are not adobe premiere pro for pc windows 10 free Logic x compressor cheat sheet free Pro CC has.
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There is a cp that in order to be a professional videographer, you need to pay for your software. Otherwise, you free java for windows 10 not go further than Windows Movie Maker. I want to dissuade you because you can get a really adobe premiere pro for pc windows 10 free software in a legal way and absolutely free.
There are a lot winddows Premiere Pro analogs that will perform tasks at the same level without additional payments. It is a simplified version of the paid video adobe premiere pro for pc windows 10 free DaVinci Resolve.
The app is focused on the professional color correction of video clips, but you can edit any type of video with its help. This is the professional editor and you will immediately notice this both in the quality of the interface and in its functionality. DaVinci Resolve Lite does not include many video filters, as it is primarily источник статьи color corrector, but OpenFX support solves this problem.
You can download and install additional video filters. As a result, you will be able to expand the functionality according to your requirements. If pre,iere are 1 how to get Adobe Premiere Pro for free, I advise you to consider using this free alternative. The software can be used for personal and educational purposes for free. The program interface does not look like ordinary video editors. Videos are located not on the timeline, but on the graph here.
The vertices of the graph are connected, thereby creating the final movie. It is worth noting that the program requires a powerful computer. Nuke includes a http://replace.me/28185.txt number of filters for post-processing, transition, 3D and transformation effects. Each oremiere the effect parameters can be added to several keyframes.
Nuke is a powerful video editor, which may seem too complicated for novice users, but it is definitely suitable читать далее experienced video editors.
Shotcut is an open source free adobe premiere pro for pc windows 10 free editor. It will help create a film using many recorded videos. In addition, the application supports a large number of video and audio filters. For example, you can correct white balance, make color correction, or overlay text defined by HTML markup. Shotcut supports many formats thanks to the use of FFMpeg.
This is a pretty good free video editor with fairly diverse functionality. You may create a small film with its help. Another advantage is that developers are constantly improving the program and correcting flaws. OpenShot is another open source free video editor. The video editor has a simple interface, including a preview window, a http://replace.me/27751.txt and a list of imported files.
OpenShot supports a large number of video formats it uses FFmpeg. In addition, the video editor includes effects and transients, as well as utilities for creating 3D text and animation.
Splice is a rpemiere free video editor for iOS. It allows you to create a movie using files from your gallery very quickly. The app has a good collection of musical files that can be used in your video. It is also possible to download music from iTunes. Splice supports such functions as teams installation on vdi cropping, video filters, scene transitions, adding captions and recording audio comments.
Splice has a pretty simple interface. Moreover, you can share the final video on social источник статьи or save it to the gallery. Download frre following packs of LUTs LUTs for creating and saving color grades, which can be used or applied to your projects. Check your email to download http://replace.me/9063.txt. They’re warm, pastel, matte, colorful and contrasty.
Start editing your wedding videos with these beautiful LUTs for free. This pack consists of gentle warmer color presets for your films. Make your footage more cinematic with these free color grading tools. Download these professional video editing LUTs.
This is a very quick way in color grading your videos and shorts clips for Instagram as well. Adobe Premiere Pro or Premiere Elements Trial version is your only way to get this professional video editing software absolutely free. I understand that you would like to get something more than the opportunity to use Premiere for 7 days, but this is all that Adobe can offer you without having to pay and violating law. Hi there, I’m Ann Young – a professional blogger, read more. Adobe Windoss Elements Rank:.
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NewBlue Motion Blends for Windows. Download. on 13 votes. NewBlue Motion Blends offers dynamic transitions that introduce refreshing new ways to move your imagery and keep your viewer engaged. – Adobe Premiere and higher, Premiere Elements 10 and higher – Sony Vegas Pro. Adobe Premiere Rush Download. Adobe Premiere Rush is an editing software developed by Adobe, Inc. It is the primary across-the-board software for creating and sharing web recordings in the fastest, easiest, and most convenient way. This editing tool software allows a user to alter, fix color tones, change or adjust free-trial sounds or own. Adobe Premiere Pro Try Premiere Pro with a 7-day free trial. Start free trial Bring your vision to life in video. Students and teachers save over 60% on Premiere Pro and 20+ Creative Cloud apps. Learn more Free trial includes the full version of Premiere Pro You won’t be charged until after your free trial ends Smart tools. Better storytelling. Aug 02, · [ADOBE PREMIERE PRO FREE DOWNLOAD FOR WINDOWS 7] Adobe Premiere Pro is a feature-packed video editing software that includes tons of tools to ensure you you can create amazing videos full of stunning visual and audio effects. Designed for solo creators or AAA teams, tons of tools are included in Adobe Premiere Pro
Adobe Premiere Pro is powerful video editing software that allows users to create professional-quality videos. With its intuitive interface and wide range of features, Adobe Premiere Pro makes it easy for anyone to edit videos like a pro. Adobe Premiere Pro has everything you need to craft a compelling story for your videos. This app gives you complete creative control over every aspect of your project from start to finish.
You can use it as a full-featured editor or import media into Adobe Premiere Elements and trim clips together using the timeline. With Adobe Premiere Pro, you have the power to create professional-quality content without having to be a seasoned filmmaker. With powerful features like transitions, effects, audio tools, and color correction, this app makes it easy to make your video stand out. Add stylish special effects, audio enhancements, adjust colors and polish your work with advanced retiming options.
Instead, use Adobe Flash Player on any device—including mobile phones and tablets—to access your files wherever they are stored.
You can also edit footage directly from your professional camera. Create a more significant impact by using Photoshop , Frame. These apps give you even more ways to enhance your videos for social media, professional film development, or creating impressive home videos. With Adobe Premiere Pro, you get access to thousands of royalty-free music tracks, sound effects, and other assets to help you tell your stories.
Start creating today! This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.
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Make a Strong Impact with Your Videos With powerful features like transitions, effects, audio tools, and color correction, this app makes it easy to make your video stand out.
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Бринкерхофф отказывался в это поверить. Неужели Большой Брат следит за тем, что делается в кладовке. «Большой Брат», или «Брат», как его обычно называла Мидж, – это аппарат «Сентрекс-333», размещавшийся в крохотном, похожем на подсобку кабинетике рядом с директорскими апартаментами. «Большой Брат» был частью мира, в котором царила Мидж.
Сьюзан набрала полные легкие воздуха и задала неизбежный вопрос: – И где же теперь этот канадец. Стратмор нахмурился: – В этом вся проблема. – Офицер полиции этого не знает.
– Она вздохнула. – Быть может, придется ждать, пока Дэвид не найдет копию Танкадо. Стратмор посмотрел на нее неодобрительно. – Если Дэвид не добьется успеха, а ключ Танкадо попадет в чьи-то руки… Коммандеру не нужно было договаривать. Сьюзан и так его поняла.
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Microsoft access 2019 descargar free download

It made it easy to input, collaborate, track, and report data. Access was popular across most businesses from Fortune companies to non-profit organizations.
It also had applications for home users who want to create extensive databases and programmers and developers who are curating databases for software and apps. Before Microsoft removed Access from Office , the only people who use Access Runtime were developers. With Access Runtime, you can still open, modify, and distribute Access applications and databases, but the features are severely limited. The Runtime application was initially created for team members to update data or modify the databases by interacting with the forms and applications.
Before it was discontinued, Microsoft had a free 30 day trial for Access. Access Runtime is a way to continue using Access even though the full program is no longer available. Users can open Access databases, fill in data, use forms, generate reports, and use any autokeys that were already established.
WizCase is an independent review site. The Microsoft Access Runtime files are available as a free download in either the bit x86 or bit x64 versions in all supported languages. Decide which bit version you need. For more information, see Choose between the bit or bit version of Office. In the following drop-down list, select the language you want, and then click the appropriate bit version.
If you see the User Account Control prompt that says, Do you want to allow this app to make changes to your device? Premium apps:. Premium apps. Which language do you need? Language Culture ll-cc Download links Arabic ar-sa. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Bulgarian bg-bg. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Chinese Simplified zh-cn. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Chinese zh-tw. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Croation hr-hr.
Language Culture ll-cc Download links Czech cs-cz. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Danish da-dk. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Dutch nl-nl. Language Culture ll-cc Download links English en-us. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Estonian et-ee. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Finnish fi-fi.
Language Culture ll-cc Download links French fr-fr. Language Culture ll-cc Download links German de-de. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.
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Microsoft Access Download. Developer :. Free Download. Privacy Overview This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Strictly Necessary Cookies Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. Enable or Disable Cookies.
May 03, · 8/10 ( votes) – Download Microsoft Access Free. Microsoft Access is the tool included within the Microsoft Office suite to work with, manage and access relational databases from your Windows PC. Within the Microsoft Office suite, whose star 8/10(). Dec 04, · Microsoft Download Manager is free and available for download now. Back Next The Microsoft Access Runtime enables you to distribute Access applications to users who do not have the full version of Access installed on their computers. Apr 02, · Purchase Microsoft Office Well, it’s always best to use a genuine copy of Microsoft’s productivity suite. You can purchase a copy of Microsoft Office from the Microsoft Store or the official site. The original Microsoft Office also has few extra features like cloud support, 1TB of free online file storage & sharing, etc. You.
Home » Softwares » Office » Microsoft Access. Learn more about the features and functionality of the Microsoft Access software application and how easy it is to create data you can use as an individual or as a узнать больше team.
Microsoft Access is a software program microsoft access 2019 descargar free download by Microsoft in Since then, it microsoft access 2019 descargar free download had several different versions to improve its functionality. As it exist right now, this program uses data management to create queries and reports, which can be imported into other software programs like Microsoft Excel.
Microsoft Access is considered relational. It is a database application, which you will find это xilisoft audio converter pro 6.5.0 serial free download вас in the Office Suite; enabling the user to enter data, manage it and create simple or large reports. This software application is ideal for those who want to organize data quickly and accurately. Some of the features of this software program include:.
This basic desktop application can be easily used without any license or any hardware requirement. For that reason, individuals and teams can do a Microsoft Access download for no additional cost.
The software program offers several database solution advantages in comparison to Oracle and SQL Servers where the necessity for a database is not so high. Therefore, small teams may not have to purchase large resources to microsoft access 2019 descargar free download out basic needs that Microsoft Access can provide and simplify. In addition, the team does not need to have anyone else monitor or manage their access like the usual client server database applications might require.
Microsoft Access is so much easier to use and understand in comparison to client server database applications. As a personal computer program, ms access has become a leader among other similar applications. Special training is not required to use the software. For those who use Microsoft Excel frequently, the MS Access software program will be much нажмите чтобы увидеть больше to master since it is similarly related to the fundamental concepts of MS Excel.
Even as a new user, you can teach yourself how to use this ms access software application for managing your database. When the user joins these relatable tables, the system provides the user with additional flexible details and much more functionality; making what seems like complex tasks, easy and simple. Leave a Reply Cancel reply You must be logged in to post a comment.
This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. Strictly Necessary Microsoft access 2019 descargar free download should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings.
If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again.
Microsoft Access Download. Developer :. Free Download. Privacy Overview This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Strictly Necessary Cookies Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. Enable or Disable Cookies. Microsoft access 2019 descargar free download All Save Settings.
Premium Office apps, extra cloud storage, advanced security, and more—all in one convenient subscription. Selecting a language below will dynamically change the complete page content to that language. You have not selected any file s to download. A download manager is recommended for downloading multiple files. Would you like to install the Microsoft Download Manager? Generally, a download manager enables downloading of large files or multiples files in one session.
Many web browsers, such as Internet Explorer 9, include a download manager. Stand-alone download managers also are available, including the Microsoft Download Manager.
The Microsoft Download Manager solves these potential problems. It gives you the ability to download multiple files at one time and download large files quickly and reliably. It also allows you to suspend active downloads and resume downloads that have failed.
Microsoft Download Manager is free and available for download now. Warning: This site requires the use of scripts, which your browser does not currently allow. See how to enable scripts. Download Microsoft Access Runtime from Official Microsoft Download Center Microsoft Premium Office apps, extra cloud storage, advanced security, and more—all in one convenient subscription For up to 6 people For 1 person. Microsoft Access Runtime.
Select Language:. Choose the download you want. Download Summary:. Total Size: 0. Back Next. Microsoft recommends you install a download manager.
Microsoft Download Manager. Manage all your internet downloads with this easy-to-use manager. It features a simple interface with many customizable options:. Download multiple files at one time Download large files quickly and reliably Suspend active downloads and resume downloads that have failed.
Yes, install Microsoft Download Manager recommended No, thanks. What happens if I don’t install a download manager? Why should I install the Microsoft Download Manager? In this case, you will have to download the files individually.
You would have the opportunity to download individual files on the “Thank you for downloading” page after completing your download. Files larger than 1 GB may take much longer to download and might not download correctly. You might not be able to pause the active downloads or resume downloads that have failed. The Microsoft Access Runtime enables you to distribute Access applications to users who do not have the full version of Access installed on their computers.
Details Note: There are multiple files available for this download. Once you click on the “Download” button, you will be prompted to select the files you need. File Name:. Date Published:. File Size:. System Requirements Supported Operating System. Install Instructions To install this download: 1. Download the file by clicking Download and saving the file to your computer. Choose the version x86 or x64 that matches the target Office installation. Double-click the AccessRuntime.
Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the installation. Related Resources Microsoft Access. Follow Microsoft Facebook Twitter.
WizCase includes reviews written by our experts. Wizcase may earn an affiliate commission when a purchase is made using our links. Our content may include direct links to buy products that are part of affiliate programs. Such standards require the reviewer to consider the technical qualities and characteristics of the product alongside its commercial value for users, which may affect the product’s ranking on the website. While Microsoft has retired Access, the program is still supported, and you can download an official runtime program that will allow you to enter, delete, and modify Access databases for free.
You can easily remove Access from your computer by following these simple steps. For many years, the best database management system on the market was Microsoft Access. It combined a graphical user-interface with software development tools, and until recently, it was part of the Office suite of apps. It made it easy to input, collaborate, track, and report data. Access was popular across most businesses from Fortune companies to non-profit organizations.
It also had applications for home users who want to create extensive databases and programmers and developers who are curating databases for software and apps. Before Microsoft removed Access from Office , the only people who use Access Runtime were developers. With Access Runtime, you can still open, modify, and distribute Access applications and databases, but the features are severely limited.
The Runtime application was initially created for team members to update data or modify the databases by interacting with the forms and applications. Before it was discontinued, Microsoft had a free 30 day trial for Access. Access Runtime is a way to continue using Access even though the full program is no longer available. Users can open Access databases, fill in data, use forms, generate reports, and use any autokeys that were already established.
WizCase is an independent review site. We are reader-supported so we may receive a commission when you buy through links on our site. You do not pay extra for anything you buy on our site — our commission comes directly from the product owner. Support WizCase to help us guarantee honest and unbiased advice.
Share our site to support us! Please type an email. Please type a Name. I want more news and awesome tips. WizCase Downloads Microsoft Access. Our Reviews WizCase includes reviews written by our experts. Referral fees Wizcase may earn an affiliate commission when a purchase is made using our links. Version: Written by: Shauli Zacks.
Microsoft access 2019 descargar free download
Microsoft Access is so much easier to use and understand in comparison to client server database applications. As a personal computer program, ms access has become a leader among other similar applications. Special training is not required to use the software. For those who use Microsoft Excel frequently, the MS Access software program will be much easier to master since it is similarly related to the fundamental concepts of MS Excel. Even as a new user, you can teach yourself how to use this ms access software application for managing your database.
When the user joins these relatable tables, the system provides the user with additional flexible details and much more functionality; making what seems like complex tasks, easy and simple. Leave a Reply Cancel reply You must be logged in to post a comment.
This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences.
In this case, you will have to download the files individually. You would have the opportunity to download individual files on the “Thank you for downloading” page after completing your download. Files larger than 1 GB may take much longer to download and might not download correctly. You might not be able to pause the active downloads or resume downloads that have failed.
This download is needed for administrators to set up activation for volume license editions of Office , Project , or Visio by using either the Key Management Service KMS or Active Directory. Details Note: There are multiple files available for this download. Once you click on the “Download” button, you will be prompted to select the files you need. File Name:. Date Published:. File Size:. System Requirements Supported Operating System. Install Instructions 1. Download and run the executable file on this page on the KMS host computer.
Enter your Office KMS host key when prompted. Activate the product key online. You do not pay extra for anything you buy on our site — our commission comes directly from the product owner. Support WizCase to help us guarantee honest and unbiased advice. Share our site to support us! Please type an email. Please type a Name. I want more news and awesome tips. WizCase Downloads Microsoft Access. Our Reviews WizCase includes reviews written by our experts.
Referral fees Wizcase may earn an affiliate commission when a purchase is made using our links. Version:
If we talk about the best office suites, Microsoft office seems to be the best option out there. Compared to other free office suites, Microsoft Office offers better features. Each of the apps serves a unique purpose and offers a specific service to its users. With Microsoft Office, you get Microsoft Word used to create word documents. You get a Microsoft PowerPoint, which is used to create presentations. In total, there are seven productivity apps that Microsoft Office Brings.
Compared to its predecessors, Microsoft Office offers lots of new features. These are some of the key features of the latest Microsoft Office You can explore more features while using the office suite. Before downloading the installation file, make sure to check the system requirements. Proceed with the steps only if your PC meets the requirements. You can purchase a copy of Microsoft Office from the Microsoft Store or the official site.
You can purchase Microsoft Office from the below link. Purchase Microsoft Office To install Microsoft Office , you need to uninstall the existing Office version. If you have already uninstalled the existing Microsoft office application, you need to install the new version normally. Download Free. Above, we have shared the latest version of Microsoft Office. You need to disconnect the internet connection and install the application as usual. If it still asks for the activation key, you need to run KMSPico.
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Dec 04, · Microsoft Download Manager is free and available for download now. Back Next The Microsoft Access Runtime enables you to distribute Access applications to users who do not have the full version of Access installed on their computers. May 28, · Download Microsoft Access (bit) for Windows PC. % Safe and Secure Free Download bit Latest Version Office. Jul 08, · Download Microsoft Office Access for free. Microsoft Office Access is a database tool for gathering and understanding all your information—your phone numbers, inventory, guest lists, whatever you’re tracking—and providing a convenient way to enter, navigate, and report out your data. Install the Microsoft Access Runtime. The Microsoft Access Runtime files are available as a free download in either the bit (x86) or bit (x64) versions in all supported languages. Decide which bit version you need. For more information, see Choose between the bit or bit version of Office.
Microsoft Download Manager. Manage all your internet downloads with this easy-to-use manager. It features a simple interface with many customizable options:. Download multiple files at one time Download large files quickly and reliably Suspend active downloads and resume downloads that have failed.
Yes, install Microsoft Download Manager recommended No, thanks. What happens if I don’t install a download manager? Why should I install the Microsoft Download Manager? In this case, you will have to download the files individually. You would have the opportunity to download individual files on the “Thank you for downloading” page after completing your download. Files larger than 1 GB may take much longer to download and might not download correctly.
You might not be able to pause the active downloads or resume downloads that have failed. The Microsoft Access Runtime enables you to distribute Access applications to users who do not have the full version of Access installed on their computers.
Details Note: There are multiple files available for this download. Once you click on the “Download” button, you will be prompted to select the files you need. File Name:. Select Language:. Choose the download you want. Download Summary:. Total Size: 0. Back Next. Microsoft recommends you install a download manager. Microsoft Download Manager. Manage all your internet downloads with this easy-to-use manager.
It features a simple interface with many customizable options:. Download multiple files at one time Download large files quickly and reliably Suspend active downloads and resume downloads that have failed. Yes, install Microsoft Download Manager recommended No, thanks.
What happens if I don’t install a download manager? Why should I install the Microsoft Download Manager? In this case, you will have to download the files individually.
You would have the opportunity to download individual files on the “Thank you for downloading” page after completing your download. For that reason, individuals and teams can do a Microsoft Access download for no additional cost. The software program offers several database solution advantages in comparison to Oracle and SQL Servers where the necessity for a database is not so high.
Therefore, small teams may not have to purchase large resources to carry out basic needs that Microsoft Access can provide and simplify. In addition, the team does not need to have anyone else monitor or manage their access like the usual client server database applications might require. Microsoft Access is so much easier to use and understand in comparison to client server database applications. As a personal computer program, ms access has become a leader among other similar applications.
Special training is not required to use the software. For those who use Microsoft Excel frequently, the MS Access software program will be much easier to master since it is similarly related to the fundamental concepts of MS Excel. Even as a new user, you can teach yourself how to use this ms access software application for managing your database. When the user joins these relatable tables, the system provides the user with additional flexible details and much more functionality; making what seems like complex tasks, easy and simple.
Leave a Reply Cancel reply You must be logged in to post a comment.
Support WizCase to help us guarantee honest and unbiased advice. Share our site to support us! Please type an email. Please type a Name. I want more news and awesome tips. WizCase Downloads Microsoft Access. Our Reviews WizCase includes reviews written by our experts.
Referral fees Wizcase may earn an affiliate commission when a purchase is made using our links. Version: Written by: Shauli Zacks. You get a Microsoft PowerPoint, which is used to create presentations. In total, there are seven productivity apps that Microsoft Office Brings. Compared to its predecessors, Microsoft Office offers lots of new features. These are some of the key features of the latest Microsoft Office You can explore more features while using the office suite.
Before downloading the installation file, make sure to check the system requirements. Proceed with the steps only if your PC meets the requirements. You can purchase a copy of Microsoft Office from the Microsoft Store or the official site. You can purchase Microsoft Office from the below link. Purchase Microsoft Office To install Microsoft Office , you need to uninstall the existing Office version.
For that reason, individuals and teams can do a Microsoft Access download for no additional cost. The software program offers several database solution advantages in comparison to Oracle and SQL Servers where the necessity for a database is not so high. Therefore, small teams may not have to purchase large resources to carry out basic needs that Microsoft Access can provide and simplify.
In addition, the team does not need to have anyone else monitor or manage their access like the usual client server database applications might require.
Microsoft Access is so much easier to use and understand in comparison to client server database applications. As a personal computer program, ms access has become a leader among other similar applications. Special training is not required to use the software. For those who use Microsoft Excel frequently, the MS Access software program will be much easier to master since it is similarly related to the fundamental concepts of MS Excel.
Even as a new user, you can teach yourself how to use this ms access software application for managing your database. When the user joins these relatable tables, the system provides the user with additional flexible details and much more functionality; making what seems like complex tasks, easy and simple. Leave a Reply Cancel reply You must be logged in to post a comment.
Within the Microsoft Office suite, whose star products have always been Word, Excel, and, to a lesser extent, PowerPoint, we can also find a great tool to work with databases from our PC , as is the case of Access. But, what is Microsoft Access really all about? Well, it’s basically a tool developed by the guys at Redmond that brings together under the same program a relational database management system, a comfortable user interface, and different software development tools.
A very useful three-in-one tool for those people that work with databases on a daily basis. What’s the background of this program? To talk about its origin we have to go back to the mids’ when Microsoft was working on Project Omega with the intention to launch its first database product. The project didn’t work out too well, being quite sluggish and ended up leading to the new Project Cirrus that start using the program’s current language, Microsoft Jet Database Engine, until the first official version of Access was launched in , a software that has gradually evolved to become what it is nowadays thanks to Microsoft Access The truth is that there aren’t too many differences between the functions available in Access and Access , that has only undergone a minor facelift.
Its main features and functions can be summarized as follows:. If you’re interested in this software, count yourself lucky because it can be downloaded free for almost any platform or operating system. Unfortunately, there’s still no online version as is the case of Word, Excel, or PowerPoint so your only choice is to download the complete Microsoft Office package to make the most of this program.
Hi VVicky. You need a Microsoft account because some of its services are offered through the cloud. Requirements and additional information:. Minimum operating system requirements: Windows 7. Antony Peel. Software languages.
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But, what is Microsoft Access really all about? Well, it’s basically a tool developed by the guys at Redmond that brings together under the same program a relational database management system, a comfortable user interface, and different software development tools. A very useful three-in-one tool for those people that work with databases on a daily basis.
What’s the background of this program? To talk about its origin we have to go back to the mids’ when Microsoft was working on Project Omega with the intention to launch its first database product.
The project didn’t work out too well, being quite sluggish and ended up leading to the new Project Cirrus that start using the program’s current language, Microsoft Jet Database Engine, until the first official version of Access was launched in , a software that has gradually evolved to become what it is nowadays thanks to Microsoft Access The truth is that there aren’t too many differences between the functions available in Access and Access , that has only undergone a minor facelift.
Its main features and functions can be summarized as follows:. If you’re interested in this software, count yourself lucky because it can be downloaded free for almost any platform or operating system. Unfortunately, there’s still no online version as is the case of Word, Excel, or PowerPoint so your only choice is to download the complete Microsoft Office package to make the most of this program.
Hi VVicky. Select Language:. Choose the download you want. Download Summary:. Total Size: 0. Back Next. Microsoft recommends you install a download manager.
Microsoft Download Manager. Manage all your internet downloads with this easy-to-use manager. It features a simple interface with many customizable options:.
Download multiple files at one time Download large files quickly and reliably Suspend active downloads and resume downloads that have failed. Yes, install Microsoft Download Manager recommended No, thanks. What happens if I don’t install a download manager?
Why should I install the Microsoft Download Manager? In this case, you will have to download the files individually. You would have the opportunity to download individual files on the “Thank you for downloading” page after completing your download.
Files larger than 1 GB may take much longer to download and might not download correctly. You might not be able to pause the active downloads or resume downloads that have failed.
The Microsoft Access Runtime enables you to distribute Access applications to users who do not have the full version of Access installed on their computers.
Details Note: There are multiple files available for this download. Once you click on the “Download” button, you will be prompted to select the files you need.
File Name:. Date Published:. File Size:.
The Microsoft Access Runtime enables you to distribute Access applications to users who do not have the full version of Microsoft Access installed on their computers as is the case with Office Enterprise E1 and Microsoft Business Basic. You can also use it with Office For more information, see Office installed with Click-to-Run and Windows Installer on same computer isn’t supported.
The Microsoft Access Runtime files are available as a free download in either the bit x86 or bit x64 versions in all supported languages. Decide which bit version you need. For more information, see Choose between the bit or bit version of Office. In the following drop-down list, select the language you want, and then click the appropriate bit version. If you see the User Account Control prompt that says, Do you want to allow this app to make changes to your device?
Premium apps:. Premium apps. Which language do you need? Language Culture ll-cc Download links Arabic ar-sa. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Bulgarian bg-bg. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Chinese Simplified zh-cn. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Chinese zh-tw. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Croation hr-hr. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Czech cs-cz. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Danish da-dk. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Dutch nl-nl.
Language Culture ll-cc Download links English en-us. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Estonian et-ee.
Language Culture ll-cc Download links Finnish fi-fi. Language Culture ll-cc Download links French fr-fr. Language Culture ll-cc Download links German de-de. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Greek el-gr.
Language Culture ll-cc Download links Hebrew he-il. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Hindi hi-in. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Hungarian hu-hu. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Indonesian id-id. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Italian it-it. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Japanese ja-jp. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Kazakh kk-kz. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Korean ko-kr.
Language Culture ll-cc Download links Latvian lv-lv. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Lithuanian lt-lt. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Malay ms-my. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Polish pl-pl. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Portuguese Brazil pt-br. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Portuguese Portugal pt-pt. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Romanian ro-ro. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Russian ru-ru. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Serbian Latin sr-latn-rs.
Language Culture ll-cc Download links Slovak sk-sk. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Slovenian sl-si. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Spanish es-es. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Swedish sv-se. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Thai th-th. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Turkish tr-tr. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Ukrainian uk-ua. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Vietnamese vi-vn.
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Microsoft access 2019 descargar free download.Download Microsoft Office 2019 Volume License Pack from Official Microsoft Download Center
Premium Office apps, extra microsoft access 2019 descargar free download storage, micgosoft security, and more—all microsoft access 2019 descargar free download one convenient subscription. Selecting a language below will dynamically change the complete page content to that language. You have not selected any file s to download.
A download manager is recommended for downloading multiple files. Would you like to install the Microsoft Download Manager? 20019, a download manager enables downloading of large files or multiples files in one session. Many web browsers, such as Internet Explorer 9, include a download manager. Нажмите чтобы прочитать больше download managers also are available, including the Microsoft Download Manager.
The Microsoft Download Manager solves these potential problems. It gives you the ability to download multiple files at one time and download large files acfess and reliably. It also allows you to suspend active downloads and resume downloads that have failed.
Microsoft Download Manager is free and available for download microsoft access 2019 descargar free download. Windows 10, Windows 8. Warning: This site requires the use of scripts, which your browser does not currently allow. See how to enable scripts. Microsoft Office Volume License Pack.
Select Language:. Choose the download you want. Download Summary:. Total Size: 0. Back Next. Microsoft recommends you install a download manager.
Microsoft Download Manager. Manage all your internet downloads with this easy-to-use manager. It features a simple interface with many customizable options:.
Download multiple files at one time Download large files увидеть больше and reliably Suspend active downloads and resume downloads that have failed.
Yes, install Microsoft Download Manager recommended No, thanks. What happens if I don’t install a download manager? Why should I install the Microsoft Download Manager? In this case, you will have to download the files individually.
You would have the opportunity to download individual files on the “Thank you for downloading” page after completing microsoft access 2019 descargar free download download.
Files larger than 1 GB may продолжить чтение much longer to download and might not download correctly. You might not be able to pause the active downloads or resume downloads that have failed. This download is needed for administrators to set up activation for volume license editions of OfficeProjector Visio by using either the Key Management Service KMS or Active Directory.
Details Note: There are multiple files available for this download. Once you accese on the “Download” button, you will be prompted to select the files you need. File Name:. Date Published:. File Size:. System Requirements Supported Operating System. Install Instructions 1. Download and run the executable file on this page on the KMS host computer. Enter your Office KMS host key when prompted. Activate the microsoft access 2019 descargar free download key online.
Click the Change Settings button. Select the check box for Key Management Service. Follow Microsoft Facebook Twitter.
Learn more about the features and functionality of the Microsoft Access software application and how easy it is to create data you can use as an individual or as a small team. Microsoft Access is a software program released by Microsoft in Since then, it has had several different versions to improve its functionality.
As it exist right now, this program uses data management to create queries and reports, which can be imported into other software programs like Microsoft Excel.
Microsoft Access is considered relational. It is a database application, which you will find included in the Office Suite; enabling the user to enter data, manage it and create simple or large reports.
Please type an email. Please type a Name. I want more news and awesome tips. WizCase Downloads Microsoft Access. Our Reviews WizCase includes reviews written by our experts. Referral fees Wizcase may earn an affiliate commission when a purchase is made using our links. If you’re interested in this software, count yourself lucky because it can be downloaded free for almost any platform or operating system.
Unfortunately, there’s still no online version as is the case of Word, Excel, or PowerPoint so your only choice is to download the complete Microsoft Office package to make the most of this program.
Hi VVicky. You need a Microsoft account because some of its services are offered through the cloud. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Slovak sk-sk. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Slovenian sl-si. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Spanish es-es. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Swedish sv-se. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Thai th-th.
Language Culture ll-cc Download links Turkish tr-tr. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Ukrainian uk-ua. Language Culture ll-cc Download links Vietnamese vi-vn. A subscription to make the most of your time. Try one month free. Buy now. Best Value.
Before downloading the installation file, make sure to check the system requirements. Proceed with the steps only if your PC meets the requirements. You can purchase a copy of Microsoft Office from the Microsoft Store or the official site. You can purchase Microsoft Office from the below link. Purchase Microsoft Office To install Microsoft Office , you need to uninstall the existing Office version.
Вы знаете Капельку Росы? – Вытерев пот со лба рукавом халата, он собирался что-то сказать, но тут отворилась дверь в ванную. Мужчины оглянулись. В дверях стояла Росио Ева Гранада.
В связи с одной из таких работ он и познакомился со Сьюзан. В то прохладное осеннее утро у него был перерыв в занятиях, и после ежедневной утренней пробежки он вернулся в свою трехкомнатную университетскую квартиру.
Войдя, Дэвид увидел мигающую лампочку автоответчика. Слушая сообщение, он выпил почти целый пакет апельсинового сока. Послание ничем не отличалось от многих других, которые он получал: правительственное учреждение просит его поработать переводчиком в течение нескольких часов сегодня утром.
It also allows you to suspend active downloads and resume downloads that have failed. Microsoft Download Manager is free and available for download now. Windows 10, Windows 8. Warning: This site requires the use of scripts, which your browser does not currently allow.
See how to enable scripts. Microsoft Office Volume License Pack. Select Language:. Choose the download you want. Download Summary:. Total Size: 0. Back Next. Microsoft recommends you install a download manager.
Microsoft Download Manager. Manage all your internet downloads with this easy-to-use manager. It features a simple interface with many customizable options:. Download multiple files at one time Download large files quickly and reliably Suspend active downloads and resume downloads that have failed. Yes, install Microsoft Download Manager recommended No, thanks.
What happens if I don’t install a download manager? Why should I install the Microsoft Download Manager? In this case, you will have to download the files individually. You would have the opportunity to download individual files on the “Thank you for downloading” page after completing your download.
Files larger than 1 GB may take much longer to download and might not download correctly. You might not be able to pause the active downloads or resume downloads that have failed. Manage all your internet downloads with this easy-to-use manager. It features a simple interface with many customizable options:. Download multiple files at one time Download large files quickly and reliably Suspend active downloads and resume downloads that have failed.
Yes, install Microsoft Download Manager recommended No, thanks. What happens if I don’t install a download manager? Why should I install the Microsoft Download Manager? In this case, you will have to download the files individually.
You would have the opportunity to download individual files on the “Thank you for downloading” page after completing your download. Files larger than 1 GB may take much longer to download and might not download correctly. You might not be able to pause the active downloads or resume downloads that have failed. The Microsoft Access Runtime enables you to distribute Access applications to users who do not have the full version of Access installed on their computers.
Details Note: There are multiple files available for this download. Once you click on the “Download” button, you will be prompted to select the files you need. File Name:. Date Published:. File Size:. System Requirements Supported Operating System. Install Instructions To install this download: 1. Download the file by clicking Download and saving the file to your computer. Choose the version x86 or x64 that matches the target Office installation.
Double-click the AccessRuntime. Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the installation. Related Resources Microsoft Access.
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Message 8 of Message 9 of Message 10 of Message 11 of Message 12 of Message 13 of You change it back to Civil 3D after you have inserted your image.
Assign the appropriate coordinate system to your drawing. For example. See Image Select the insert image icon on the right. To the right of the Schema column, verify Coordinate System column displays the correct coordinate system for your image.
To correct it, click Edit Coordinate System. Back in the Data Connect palette, click Add to Map. Message 14 of Post Reply. Share this discussion:.
Can’t find what you’re looking for? Ask the community or share your knowledge. These numbers are graphic coordinates that control the movement of your CNC cutter. For example, the CNC machine would carve a straight line by moving its cutter five units left, starting from point A.
You could scan a sketch or an old technical drawing… the opportunities are endless! Even raster text can be converted to vector text. Download your free trial.
Choose your file and click OK. This ensures that Scan2CAD will convert your image in the most optimal way — in single line cut paths instead of multiple polylines and no Bezier curves.
Scan2CAD comes with a set of pre-programmed practices and vectorization settings, but for more information you can check out our vectorization settings tips!
The conversion process will then take mere seconds. Now, you can save your new vector file in any format you please. The most widely compatible file format is the DXF file format. Luke converted an image of a logo to create a vector outline which is suitable for CNC. So the process in Scan2CAD is really two steps. First, to clean the image to make it suitable for conversion, and then to convert. I also may choose to smooth the image by clicking this button that just smooths the lines out.
So by using the smooth, we can smooth out the lines. So we now have an image which is looking much more suitable for conversion, and we can go ahead and convert. We can just go with the defaults. You can see we have a sharp and smooth slider here, just choosing the kind of definition that you want of the original image.
Bezier curves would be suitable for this image, and choose the type of vectors that you want to create. You see, we have the default here in vector lines and arcs. Have a look at the results. We can compare that to the raster image just by switching. Again, we can compare that to the original raster image. We can view them both together. I can highlight the vectors by clicking the Highlight Vectors icon up here, just so you can see the accuracy. You can see that Scan2CAD has perfectly followed the original image, and we have vector profiles that represent the image.
Now that sounds quite complex, but what it means is that this is optimized for CNC purposes. So with these curve shapes here, if I click on them, you can see we have a vector arc rather than thousands and small vector lines, which some software may create.
So talking of scaling, we can input scaling by going to the Measure and Scale tool here. Click Apply, and now the whole drawing has the correct measurements.
We can go ahead now and save this file out by going to File and Save As Vector. I hope it helps. Feel free to give Scan2CAD a try yourself with a free trial, and drop us any questions if you have them. The conversion process only takes 30 seconds and about ten clicks of your mouse. However, the quality of your output vector file depends on the quality of your image.
Garbage in, garbage out. You have to choose the right image to begin with. Read this article to learn about choosing the right image for raster-to-vector conversion. Fellow maker, Marcel doodled a bowtie in his notebook and converted it into actual accessory! Notice that he used a felt-tip pen so that the software can detect clear, clean outlines. Source: hotpopfactory.
Example: The image on the left is much more suitable for conversion. For example, a plasma cutting system requires significantly larger cut paths than a more precise laser-cutting system. For plasma cutting systems and some routing systems, you would use open, single-line cut paths.
In comparison, you would only use closed or looped cut paths with a laser and waterjet cutting system. Closed cut paths can only be used with more precise CNC cutting machines. Source: makecnc. What are the common mistakes you see people make? Poor image selection. Using the wrong software to create DXF files. Not understanding the limitations of the CNC cutting system and not understanding how that affects your design. Not familiarizing themselves with the cut width of tooling on CNC cutting system.
With a few clicks and some advice from experts, anyone can convert an image into a CNC project. For inspiration, check out our recent round-up of 11 cool image-to-CNC project ideas. I am looking to be able to take a picture and convert it to an STL file or a step. Doess this software do that? STL files. You can probably use. DXF on the same application. Hi can someone help me. I have a small cnc router at home and want to change my pdf pic to a dxf or similar format so i can machine it.
Besides this, you can also find handy image transformation tools in some software like resize, scale, rotate, flip, etc. Unlike image editor based converters, dedicated image converters are much simpler to use. Plus, they also provide the handy batch conversion feature. The process of conversion is quite simple in all software. Still, to help you out, I have included the conversion steps in the description of each software. Go through the list to know more about these software. Inkscape is my favorite software because it lets you edit and convert a good number of image formats.
In addition to that, it also offers some more useful tools like Filters and Gcodetools. It is also a really good vector image editor software and offers multiple image editing tools. Return to site. Rhinonest 2. Return to site Powered by Strikingly. Create a site with. This website is built with Strikingly. Create yours today! Almost done… We just sent you an email.
Using simple tools like CNC routers, milling machines and laser cutters , you could produce anything from laptop decals to wooden signs. In fact, you could start your own CNC project from your very own home.
All you need is some clever image conversion software like Scan2CAD that will do all of the heavy-lifting for you.
It will automatically convert your sketch or any image into a CNC-ready vector design! Instead of drawing an image from scratch on CAD software, conversion software like Scan2CAD traces an image using intelligent vectorization algorithms.
Then, it translates it into a language that can be read by any CNC software, i. These numbers are graphic coordinates that control the movement of your CNC cutter. For example, the CNC machine would carve a straight line by moving its cutter five units left, starting from point A. You could scan a sketch or an old technical drawing… the opportunities are endless! Even raster text can be converted to vector text. Download your free trial.
Choose your file and click OK. This ensures that Scan2CAD will convert your image in the most optimal way — in single line cut paths instead of multiple polylines and no Bezier curves.
Scan2CAD comes with a set of pre-programmed practices and vectorization settings, but for more information you can check out our vectorization settings tips! The conversion process will then take mere seconds.
Now, you can save your new vector file in any format you please. The most widely compatible file format is the DXF file format.
Luke converted an image of a logo to create a vector outline which is suitable for CNC. So the process in Scan2CAD is really two steps. First, to clean the image to make it suitable for conversion, and then to convert. I also may choose to smooth the image by clicking this button that just smooths the lines out.
So by using the smooth, we can smooth out the lines. So we now have an image which is looking much more suitable for conversion, and we can go ahead and convert. We can just go with the defaults. You can see we have a sharp and smooth slider here, just choosing the kind of definition that you want of the original image. Bezier curves would be suitable for this image, and choose the type of vectors that you want to create.
You see, we have the default here in vector lines and arcs. Have a look at the results. We can compare that to the raster image just by switching. Again, we can compare that to the original raster image. We can view them both together. I can highlight the vectors by clicking the Highlight Vectors icon up here, just so you can see the accuracy. You can see that Scan2CAD has perfectly followed the original image, and we have vector profiles that represent the image. Now that sounds quite complex, but what it means is that this is optimized for CNC purposes.
So with these curve shapes here, if I click on them, you can see we have a vector arc rather than thousands and small vector lines, which some software may create. So talking of scaling, we can input scaling by going to the Measure and Scale tool here. Click Apply, and now the whole drawing has the correct measurements. We can go ahead now and save this file out by going to File and Save As Vector. I hope it helps.
Feel free to give Scan2CAD a try yourself with a free trial, and drop us any questions if you have them. The conversion process only takes 30 seconds and about ten clicks of your mouse. However, the quality of your output vector file depends on the quality of your image.
Garbage in, garbage out. You have to choose the right image to begin with. Read this article to learn about choosing the right image for raster-to-vector conversion. Fellow maker, Marcel doodled a bowtie in his notebook and converted it into actual accessory! Notice that he used a felt-tip pen so that the software can detect clear, clean outlines. Source: hotpopfactory. Example: The image on the left is much more suitable for conversion. For example, a plasma cutting system requires significantly larger cut paths than a more precise laser-cutting system.
For plasma cutting systems and some routing systems, you would use open, single-line cut paths. In comparison, you would only use closed or looped cut paths with a laser and waterjet cutting system. Closed cut paths can only be used with more precise CNC cutting machines.
Source: makecnc. What are the common mistakes you see people make? Poor image selection. Using the wrong software to create DXF files. Not understanding the limitations of the CNC cutting system and not understanding how that affects your design.
Not familiarizing themselves with the cut width of tooling on CNC cutting system. With a few clicks and some advice from experts, anyone can convert an image into a CNC project.
For inspiration, check out our recent round-up of 11 cool image-to-CNC project ideas. I am looking to be able to take a picture and convert it to an STL file or a step. Doess this software do that? STL files. You can probably use. DXF on the same application. Hi can someone help me. I have a small cnc router at home and want to change my pdf pic to a dxf or similar format so i can machine it.
I operate it with galaad and program on edgecam but want to explore. Please email me to [email address redacted]. Could you help me? Absolutely Lee! You can see the prices at scan2cad. We also have a day free trial! We dont have a scanner that is one meter wide and we need to make a file that around 1m by 2.
Thanks Mate. Hey Josh! Yes, absolutely. You can do with with Scan2CAD. You can simply open the image in the application. I recommend trying the free trial.
If you have any questions. You can contact us. Hi Ratilal, you will find pricing information here: scan2cad. Hey Dan, STP files are not supported. Will Scan2CAD produce them for me from image files such as bmp and jpg? No sense downloading the trial version if the full version cost is too prohibitive. Hi Yakoub, you can download our free trial from here. Dear sir I am new at cnc machine. Have you downloaded our free trial yet?
My problem is; all my files are bitmaps, jpegs, pings etc. I used to use, still do, Paint for all my editing and saving to F-engrave for G-code cutting. I just purchased cut2d because it does most anything I should need except remove the background it was saved in. Can Scan2cad take out the white background to allow me to edit these vectors, images for G-code. Make sure you download the free trial and give it a try.
I am looking for a way to process off -cuts and remnant plate on a CNC plasma cutter. These off cuts can be of various sizes and shapes which remain even after nesting of large parts from Bigger plates.
I want to use a cctv camera to take pictures of these remnant plates placed haphazardly on the cutting table. I hope you understood my requirement.
Deep Learning Tutorials. When I was a kid, I was a huge Pokemon nerd. I collected the trading cards, played the Game Boy games, and watched the TV show. If it involved Pokemon, I was probably interested in it. Pokemon made a lasting impression on me — and looking back, Pokemon may have even inspired me to study computer vision. You see, in the very first episode of the show and in the first few minutes of the game , the protagonist, Ash Ketchum, was given a special electronic device called a Pokedex.
A Pokedex is used to catalogue and provide information regarding species of Pokemon encounters Ash along his travels. When stumbling upon a new species of Pokemon Ash had not seen before, he would hold the Pokedex up to the Pokemon and then the Pokedex would automatically identify it for him, presumably via some sort of camera sensor similar to the image at the top of this post.
In essence, the Pokedex was acting like a smartphone app that utilized computer vision! Instead, I was looking for a solution that would enable me to programmatically download images via a query. I did not want to have to open my browser or utilize browser extensions to download the image files from my search. Many years ago Google deprecated its own image search API which is the reason we need to scrape Google Images in the first place.
I was incredibly pleased. Here you can see my list of Bing search endpoints, including my two API keys blurred out for obvious reasons. You should reference these two pages if you have any questions on either 1 how the API works or 2 how we are consuming the API after making a search request. If you do not already have requests installed on your system, you can install it via:. The requests package makes it super easy for us to make HTTP requests and not get bogged down in fighting with Python to gracefully handle requests.
Additionally, if you are using Python virtual environments make sure you use the workon command to access the environment before installing requests :. Lines handle importing the packages necessary for this script.
To set up OpenCV on your system, just follow the relevant guide for your system here. You do not need to modify the command line arguments section of this script Lines These are inputs you give the script at runtime.
To learn how to properly use command line arguments, see my recent blog post. From there, simply paste the API key within the quotes for this variable. Feel free to download as many images as you would like, just be mindful:. When working with network requests there are a number of exceptions that can be thrown, so we list them on Lines On Lines , we initialize the search parameters. Be sure to review the API documentation as needed.
We calculate and print the estimated number of results to the terminal next Lines The current offset is passed as a parameter when we call requests. We then try to open and write the file to disk Lines We access the binary data via r.
As long as the image data is not None , we update our total counter and loop back to the top. Otherwise, we call os. In my case, I am creating a dataset directory:.
All images downloaded will be stored in dataset. As I mentioned in the introduction of this post, we are downloading images of Pokemon to be used when building a Pokedex a special device to recognize Pokemon in real-time. In the above command I am downloading images of Charmander , a popular Pokemon.
I do the same for Pikachu :. Along with Squirtle :. Then Bulbasaur :. And finally Mewtwo :. We can count the total number of images downloaded per query by using a bit of find magic thank you to Glenn Jackman on StackOverflow for this great command hack :.
Here we can see we have approximately images per class. However, not every single image we downloaded will be relevant to the query — most will be, but not all of them. Unfortunately this is the manual intervention step where you need to go through your directories and prune irrelevant images. Similar shortcuts and tools exist on other operating systems as well. Note: You should also consider removing duplicate images as well.
I strongly believe that if you had the right teacher you could master computer vision and deep learning. Do you think learning computer vision and deep learning has to be time-consuming, overwhelming, and complicated? Or has to involve complex mathematics and equations? Or requires a degree in computer science? All you need to master computer vision and deep learning is for someone to explain things to you in simple, intuitive terms.
My mission is to change education and how complex Artificial Intelligence topics are taught. If you’re serious about learning computer vision, your next stop should be PyImageSearch University, the most comprehensive computer vision, deep learning, and OpenCV course online today. Join me in computer vision mastery. Click here to join PyImageSearch University. Using the API we were able to programmatically download images for training a deep neural network, a huge step up from having to manually scrape images using Google Images.
The Bing Image Search API is free to use for 30 days which is perfect if you want to follow along with this series of posts. To be notified when the next post in the series goes live, just enter your email address in the form below.
Enter your email address below to get a. Inside you’ll find my hand-picked tutorials, books, courses, and libraries to help you master CV and DL! All too often I see developers, students, and researchers wasting their time, studying the wrong things, and generally struggling to get started with Computer Vision, Deep Learning, and OpenCV. I created this website to show you what I believe is the best possible way to get your start. Thank you very much for this useful and inspirational tutorial!
Your posts are always creative and helpful. I am incredibly grateful that you are still posting free content for your visitors. I am currently learning all about machine learning have been for a few months and your tutorials are incredibly well done and lead me to a quite good understanding of it all — without the math bits that you usually get on other tutorials.
Additionally, I though about how can I replace the manual deletion of images extremely painful when working on a remote server, but on a PC as well perhaps running some kind of anomaly detection of image feature space?
Google Images can and will update without warning. As far as replacing the manual deletion of images, you need to be careful. But you can make it a lot more efficient. You can often use selective search or tiling plus a simple color filter to identify interesting candidate images. Selective search and tiling are also often but not always great ways to produce many more images, and more images rarely hurt.
I am studying a lot about computer vision, your articles have been great allies. Thank you for the kind words, Marcos. The next two posts in the series are going to be even better! This code is incredible. Thank you so much for sharing!
In 4 minutes I have more and higher quality images than I was able to achieve over the weekend in many painful hours manually on Bing! And Pikachu and hit mates are all ready to go for Part 2 next week! Logo recognition and logo detection is absolutely possible. Your timing here was perfect! I had just completed installing Anaconda, Tensorflow and Keras on my laptop when your post arrived. You saved me many, many neck-crunching long hours of manual image saving!
Thanks again!! Congrats on getting your deep learning system configured — and a second congrats on getting your dataset downloaded. The next tutorial will cover how to load the image dataset into memory and prepare it for training. Enjoy it and feel free to reach out if you have any questions. Looking forward to the next installments enormously. Thanks again, very much.
Thanks Dave. Thanks Akbar! The latest blog post is live. You can find it here. I just made my first Cats vs. Dogs dataset. I am looking forward to the next tutorial. Thank you for the kind words, Duhai.
Search instead for. Did you mean:. This page has been translated for your convenience with an automatic translation service. This is not an official translation and may contain errors and inaccurate translations.
Autodesk does not warrant, either expressly or implied, the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information translated by the machine translation service and will not be liable for damages or losses caused by the trust placed in the translation service. Back to Civil 3D Category. Back to Topic Listing Previous Next. Message 1 of Best way to import google earth imagery into civil 3d Message 2 of You can use the built in Bing imagery, and get the surface from InfraWorks.
Message 3 of As TRodgers has pointed out you need bing imagery for images and infraworks for surfaces. However there are several other options to try out. Message 4 of Message 5 of Message 6 of Many times the GE imagery is more up to Rob S. See here: plexearth.
Message 7 of Message 8 of Message 9 of Message 10 of Message 11 of Message 12 of Message 13 of To start Mastercam Download torrent mastercam x7 solidworks for free. Download Mastercam X8 Full Crack Mastercam is the new replacement for Mastercam X9, that delivers The largest resource of Post Processors for Mastercam..
Mastercam v To start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.. Mastercam Crack is a powerful engineering software designed to CNC Mastercam X9 Crack is a wonderful advance technology softwrae which perform Traditional Mastercam post-processors simply convert your files to G-Code, leaving I assume you already have the setup for that.
I need some help. I have a cnc router and want to design and make wooden signs. Please let me know if you have a solution for my problem I would greatly appreciate it. Hi Tim, have you checked out our free DXF download packs? You may find some creative ideas for what you are trying to create.
Hi, how much does this program cost after the two week period? Thank you. Hello, I am planning to building a cnc router for making yard art projects which are on a blackline print showing the outline of the pattern. I am looking for a product that can take this plan and provide a file to drive a cnc router to cut the profile. I am not a computer guru and would just be able to cut out the profiles of different forms or shapes to make my work load easier than using a saw all the time Thanks.
You could try posting your question to the community at CAD Answers. I would like to take a picture with my phone? But taking a photo with your phone is a bad idea. I would like to convert a picture of a human face to a sort of 3d contour to be routed out in super wood.
I suppose to get height you will need to generate a file in Grey scales and import that into the machine. Can your software do this. At the end I want a 3d wood figure of a face? If you wish to create a 3D model you would need different software to design the 3D model. I was given a file in dwg but I actually needed it in dxf to be able to cut in plasma cam. I use Corel Draw. Any help is greatly appreciated. I can email you the file if needed. If you want to ask the community for help you could post your question on CAD Answers.
You can read about how Scan2CAD is used for manufacturing model aircraft. Hi, I ha e an opportunity to buy a Shapeoko XL with programs for lakes. I am just wondering how much it costs to make one of these programs myself and how much time it takes, or can you simply buy any program for specific lakes? I am very new to the CNC wold. If so, the tutorial on this page teaches you how to convert an image into a CNC file. And you can see our large list of free DXF files. You can also ask the community for help at CAD Answers.
Sorry, put my specs on and found the pricing button. Sure, why not. Name required. Email will not be published required. Looking for the free trial? Download the free trial Looking for support? Contact Support. Join thousands of happy customers worldwide.
View video transcript. What are the ideal image characteristics for conversion to vector for CNC? High resolution. The rule of thumb is that each line should be five pixels thick for ideal conversion. Does not contain shadows. Shadows prevent us from seeing the details of the design work, which can lead to problems when the image is being cut. As few colors as possible.
For example, you should convert grayscale images into black and white before conversion. Contains just the right amount of detail. What are the biggest challenges in converting an image for CNC?
Choosing a good image is one issue. Ensuring that the vector output is optimized for CNC output is another. After all, the CNC machine is physically moving along each vector line you draw. Remove as many intersections and node counts as you can, without sacrificing image quality. Ensure all lines are connected perfectly, so that you get one coherent cut path.
Pay particular attention to this near corners and curves. No overlapping vectors. Any design work that you do not want to cut is deleted. How does the CNC machine I use affect the design requirements? Good question! Different CNC machines have different cut depths and widths, feeds and speeds, material removal rates, surface finishes and so on.
First of all, the spacing between your cut paths should be comparable to the diameter of the tool. The corners also depend on the size of your mill — smaller tools produce sharper corners. One monthly email featuring the best guides for CAD professionals. One email each month. Unsubscribe anytime. Ernie Sep 27, at PM. Will this work on windows 8. Luke Kennedy Sep 29, at PM. Yes, absolutely Ernie! Scan2CAD v8 is supported on all Windows versions.
Dan Nov 1, at PM. Luke Kennedy Nov 2, at PM. Hey Dan! Hi Mizanur, what type of file are you trying to convert? Gary hirsh Jul 1, at PM. Luke Jul 1, at PM.
What specifically do you need to learn? Stephan Nov 30, at PM. Please email me to [email address redacted] Reply. Luke Kennedy Dec 1, at AM. Lee Jan 15, at PM. Luke Kennedy Jan 23, at PM. Get the free trial at scan2cad.
Mastercam 2018 import image free download
Sep 30, · Download your free trial. 1. Load your raster file in Scan2CAD. Launch Scan2CAD and click: ‘ File ’ > ‘ Raster ’ > ‘ Load ’. Choose your file and click OK. 2. Select ‘CNC Profile’ image type. Click ‘ Type ’ and choose ‘ CNC Profile ’. This ensures that Scan2CAD will convert your image in the most optimal way – in. Jul 30, · Mastercam v (x64) Full Crack Free Download Mastercam X5 is is the program right now, but as anything in the future, information can change. following is the list of post-processors that will work with MecSoft CAD/CAM. Change Post Processor Mastercam X5 . Updating Mastercam Post Processors to *Mastercam will only update posts from , and If you have an older post you will need to update it to one of these versions be-fore following the steps below* 1. Open Mastercam With the . Download and use 40,+ free wallpaper stock photos for free. Thousands of new images every day Completely Free to Use High-quality videos and images from Pexels. Opening a design file into MasterCam opening the template: 1. double click on the icon labelled “Mastercam Mill7” 2. click on “file” on the main menu then “get”: 3. In the next window, double click the folder marked “Milling_Unit 4. finally, select “replace.me7” and select “open” your screen should now have a rectangle template on it.
You can simply open the image in the application. I recommend trying the free trial. If you have any questions. You can contact us. Hi Ratilal, you will find pricing information here: scan2cad. Hey Dan, STP files are not supported. Will Scan2CAD produce them for me from image files such as bmp and jpg? No sense downloading the trial version if the full version cost is too prohibitive.
Hi Yakoub, you can download our free trial from here. Dear sir I am new at cnc machine. Have you downloaded our free trial yet? My problem is; all my files are bitmaps, jpegs, pings etc. I used to use, still do, Paint for all my editing and saving to F-engrave for G-code cutting. I just purchased cut2d because it does most anything I should need except remove the background it was saved in.
Can Scan2cad take out the white background to allow me to edit these vectors, images for G-code. Make sure you download the free trial and give it a try. I am looking for a way to process off -cuts and remnant plate on a CNC plasma cutter. These off cuts can be of various sizes and shapes which remain even after nesting of large parts from Bigger plates. I want to use a cctv camera to take pictures of these remnant plates placed haphazardly on the cutting table.
I hope you understood my requirement. Please advise. I assume you already have the setup for that. I need some help. I have a cnc router and want to design and make wooden signs. Please let me know if you have a solution for my problem I would greatly appreciate it. Hi Tim, have you checked out our free DXF download packs? You may find some creative ideas for what you are trying to create. Hi, how much does this program cost after the two week period? Thank you. Hello, I am planning to building a cnc router for making yard art projects which are on a blackline print showing the outline of the pattern.
I am looking for a product that can take this plan and provide a file to drive a cnc router to cut the profile. I am not a computer guru and would just be able to cut out the profiles of different forms or shapes to make my work load easier than using a saw all the time Thanks. You could try posting your question to the community at CAD Answers. I would like to take a picture with my phone?
But taking a photo with your phone is a bad idea. I would like to convert a picture of a human face to a sort of 3d contour to be routed out in super wood. I suppose to get height you will need to generate a file in Grey scales and import that into the machine. Can your software do this. At the end I want a 3d wood figure of a face?
If you wish to create a 3D model you would need different software to design the 3D model. I was given a file in dwg but I actually needed it in dxf to be able to cut in plasma cam. I use Corel Draw. Any help is greatly appreciated.
I can email you the file if needed. If you want to ask the community for help you could post your question on CAD Answers. You can read about how Scan2CAD is used for manufacturing model aircraft. Hi, I ha e an opportunity to buy a Shapeoko XL with programs for lakes.
I am just wondering how much it costs to make one of these programs myself and how much time it takes, or can you simply buy any program for specific lakes? I am very new to the CNC wold. If so, the tutorial on this page teaches you how to convert an image into a CNC file. And you can see our large list of free DXF files.
You can also ask the community for help at CAD Answers. Sorry, put my specs on and found the pricing button. Sure, why not. Name required. Email will not be published required. Looking for the free trial? Download the free trial Looking for support? Contact Support. Join thousands of happy customers worldwide. View video transcript. What are the ideal image characteristics for conversion to vector for CNC? High resolution. The rule of thumb is that each line should be five pixels thick for ideal conversion.
Does not contain shadows. Shadows prevent us from seeing the details of the design work, which can lead to problems when the image is being cut. As few colors as possible. For example, you should convert grayscale images into black and white before conversion. Contains just the right amount of detail. What are the biggest challenges in converting an image for CNC? Choosing a good image is one issue.
Ensuring that the vector output is optimized for CNC output is another. After all, the CNC machine is physically moving along each vector line you draw.
Remove as many intersections and node counts as you can, without sacrificing image quality. Ensure all lines are connected perfectly, so that you get one coherent cut path. Pay particular attention to this near corners and curves. No overlapping vectors. Any design work that you do not want to cut is deleted. How does the CNC machine I use affect the design requirements? Good question! Different CNC machines have different cut depths and widths, feeds and speeds, material removal rates, surface finishes and so on.
First of all, the spacing between your cut paths should be comparable to the diameter of the tool. The corners also depend on the size of your mill — smaller tools produce sharper corners. Open Adobe Photoshop Mix. This app icon looks like two circles overlapping. You can find this on the home screen, in the app drawer, or by searching. The Photoshop Express app only supports editing one image at a time, and you can do so by tapping Open from the File menu.
However, Photoshop Mix requires you to have a subscription for the Adobe Suite to use. You can use the app with a 7-day free trial. This is the button to create a new project. Tap Device. If you have images already saved to your phone, this will take you to your local images folder. You can tap the other choices for other storage locations. Tap an image. You can edit that image further using all the tools above and below the image. Tapping this will prompt you to open another image. If you have images saved in the other locations, tap through to find them.
The second image is on another layer within Mix. You may need to resize the canvas. Tap the Share icon. Tap Save To Gallery to save a copy of your creation.
Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. Related wikiHows How to. How to. About This Article. Written by:. Darlene Antonelli, MA. Co-authors: 1. Updated: February 5, Message 1 of Best way to import google earth imagery into civil 3d Message 2 of You can use the built in Bing imagery, and get the surface from InfraWorks.
Message 3 of As TRodgers has pointed out you need bing imagery for images and infraworks for surfaces. However there are several other options to try out.
Message 4 of Message 5 of Message 6 of Many times the GE imagery is more up to Rob S. See here: plexearth. Message 7 of Message 8 of Message 9 of Message 10 of Message 11 of Message 12 of Message 13 of You change it back to Civil 3D after you have inserted your image. Assign the appropriate coordinate system to your drawing. For example. See Image Select the insert image icon on the right. To the right of the Schema column, verify Coordinate System column displays the correct coordinate system for your image.
To correct it, click Edit Coordinate System.
In this list, you can find two types of converters namely image editor based converters and dedicated image converters. Besides this, you can also find handy image transformation tools in some software like resize, scale, rotate, flip, etc.
Unlike image editor based converters, dedicated image converters are much simpler to use. Plus, they also provide the handy batch conversion feature. The process of conversion is quite simple in all software. Still, to help you out, I have included the conversion steps in the description of each software. Go through the list to know more about these software. Inkscape is my favorite software because it lets you edit and convert a good number of image formats.
In addition to that, it also offers some more useful tools like Filters and Gcodetools. It is also a really good vector image editor software and offers multiple image editing tools. Plus, various image transformation tools rotate, flip, resize, etc. This software is mainly known for its image editing capabilities as it offers multiple tools to make both minor and major changes to an image.
Some of the editing tools that it provides are color balance, exposure, paint tools, layers, resize, flip, colors, etc. Along with editing tools, it also offers multiple predefined image filters such as Oilify, Blur, Colorize, Poster, Negative, Paint, Sepia, and more.
This software does not natively export images in SVG format. To resolve this problem, you need to download a GIMP plugin named as file-svg-export.
Lastly, restart GIMP to activate this plugin. As its name implies, it is primarily a paint or drawing software in which you create paintings and drawings. It works on Windows, Linux, and macOS. With the help of this software, you can also edit JPG images. To edit images, you can use its inbuilt editing tools like Shapes, Insert, Fill Color, Transformation Tools rotate, flip, distort, etc.
In it, you also get an Image Settings that allows you to adjust the compression level and image quality. Plus, it is also one of the easiest software to operate. Like other similar software, this one can also be used to edit images. To edit images, it offers two types of tools namely Drawing pen, color dropper, color palette, shapes, etc.
Along with batch image format conversion, you can also use it for batch image editing. You can easily apply any number of editing tasks over multiple images to edit multiple images at once.
This converter is only free for non-commercial use. To use it commercially, you need to purchase the paid version of this software. Passionate about tech and science, always look for new tech solutions that can help me and others.
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Last Updated: February 5, This article was written by Darlene Antonelli, MA. Darlene has experience teaching college courses, writing technology-related articles, and working hands-on in the technology field. She earned an MA in Writing from Rowan University in and wrote her thesis on online communities and the personalities curated in such communities. This article has been viewed 35, times.
You can import an image to Photoshop from both a computer and a mobile device. While you can import unlimited images in the computer version of Photoshop, you will need to use an app other than Photoshop Express to work with more than one image.
This wikiHow will show you how to import an image into Photoshop on a computer and mobile device. Open a Photoshop project. Create a new layer. Click Place in the File tab. Navigate to and double-click on your file. Edit your imported image in Photoshop. Did this summary help you? Yes No. Log in Social login does not work in incognito and private browsers.
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Related Articles. Article Summary. Method 1 of Open Photoshop on your PC or Mac. Use this method if you want to import a single image into your Photoshop project.
Open the file you want to work on. To do this, click the File menu, select Open , then double-click the file. Click the New Layer icon. It looks like a square sheet of paper with an upturned corner. This creates a new layer. Click the File menu. Click Place…. This may be called Place Embedded in some versions of Photoshop. Select the image you want to import and click Place. Click the checkmark. The image is now placed on the new layer. Method 2 of Open Adobe Photoshop Mix. This app icon looks like two circles overlapping.
You can find this on the home screen, in the app drawer, or by searching. The Photoshop Express app only supports editing one image at a time, and you can do so by tapping Open from the File menu. However, Photoshop Mix requires you to have a subscription for the Adobe Suite to use. You can use the app with a 7-day free trial. This is the button to create a new project. Tap Device. If you have images already saved to your phone, this will take you to your local images folder.
You can tap the other choices for other storage locations. Tap an image. You can edit that image further using all the tools above and below the image. Tapping this will prompt you to open another image. If you have images saved in the other locations, tap through to find them.
The second image is on another layer within Mix. You may need to resize the canvas. Tap the Share icon. Tap Save To Gallery to save a copy of your creation.
Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. Related wikiHows How to. How to. About This Article. Written by:. Darlene Antonelli, MA. Co-authors: 1. Updated: February 5, Categories: Adobe Photoshop. Article Summary X 1. Deutsch: Ein Bild in Photoshop importieren. Nederlands: Bestanden openen in Photoshop. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 35, times. Is this article up to date? Cookies make wikiHow better.
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Go to Solution. Solved by ChicagoLooper. Solved by bacosx. Not sure why that article is dated If you look at the “A”, you can see that it’s an older version of C3D. That function was discontinued in Google Earth to Civil 3D friendship ends way back in version.
Even though your article is updated on July it discuss the Civil 3D version of App Store. Whatever app you plan on using, make sure it can bring in Google maps, such as Google Earth Pro. Some apps do and some don’t use Google imagery. When you combine Google Earth Pro with 3rd party software, aerial imagery is easily downloaded and will be accurately georeferenced in your drawing.. Warning: Don’t confuse Google Earth Pro with Google Maps which you use through your browser, GE Pro is a separate program and is a free download use your favorite search engine to find the download link.
Alternatively, you may use Google Earth Pro without 3rd party software but doing so will require you to manually georeference them. Then insert the saved jpeg to C3D. This involves scaling, positioning and sometimes even rotating the image. When you use an add-on app however, the app will do all that for you. If you do NOT need the image to be georef’d, you can also place it anywhere in modelspace then scale and rotate.
For the last 5 years we are using Plex. Earth to import Google Earth imagery into Civil 3D. By far the most comprehensive solution you can find in the store today. Many times the GE imagery is more up to. I’ve used Plex v4. Besides bringing in georeferenced images from GE Pro, you can also bring in other web-based geo ref’d maps such as Open Street Maps and others.
See left panel on image above. Yes, indeed, we also use Map Explorer in Plex. Earth 4 to connect to WMS and other mapping services. It’s like cable TV vs. Totally agreed! FDO is a way, but Plex. Earth is much more user friendly and you do many more things very quickly. First of all, I want to thank each and every one of you. I tried the plex earth 4 and it’s simply amazing!! The CS of the image does not have to be identical to the CS assigned to modelspace.
As long as both CS’s describe the same ‘spot’ on Earth, then they are considered appropriate. This explanation skipped a step for me.
Civil 3D Forum. Turn on suggestions. Auto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type. Showing results for. Search instead for. Did you mean:. This page has been translated for your convenience with an automatic translation service.
This is not an official translation and may contain errors and inaccurate translations. Autodesk does not warrant, either expressly or implied, the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information translated by the machine translation service and will not be liable for damages or losses caused by the trust placed in the translation service. Back to Civil 3D Category.
Back to Topic Listing Previous Next. Message 1 of Best way to import google earth imagery into civil 3d Message 2 of You can use the built in Bing imagery, and get the surface from InfraWorks.
Message 3 of As TRodgers has pointed out you need bing imagery for images and infraworks for surfaces. However there are several other options to try out.
Message 4 of Message 5 of Message 6 of Many times the GE imagery is more up to Rob S. See here: plexearth. Message 7 of Message 8 of Message 9 of Message 10 of Message 11 of Message 12 of Message 13 of You change it back to Civil 3D after you have inserted your image. Assign the appropriate coordinate system to your drawing.
For example. See Image Select the insert image icon on the right. To the right of the Schema column, verify Coordinate System column displays the correct coordinate system for your image. To correct it, click Edit Coordinate System. Back in the Data Connect palette, click Add to Map. Message 14 of Post Reply. Share this discussion:. Can’t find what you’re looking for? Ask the community or share your knowledge.
«Немыслимо», – подумала. Согласно информации, появившейся смотрите подробнее окне, команда была подана менее двадцати минут. Сьюзан помнила, что за последние двадцать минут вводила только свой персональный код, когда выходила переговорить со Стратмором. Невозможно представить, что машина могла спутать пароль с командой отключения «Следопыта».
Понимая, что теряет время, Сьюзан вызвала на экран регистр замка и проверила, верно ли был введен персональный код.
Apr 09, · Summary. In today’s blog post you learned how to quickly build a deep learning image dataset using Microsoft’s Bing Image Search API.. Using the API we were able to programmatically download images for training a deep neural network, a huge step up from having to manually scrape images using Google Images.. The Bing Image Search API is free to use for 30 days which is perfect . Inkscape is a free open source JPG to SVG converter software for Windows, macOS, and Linux. It is also a really good vector image editor software and offers multiple image editing tools. Some of the image editing tools that it provides are Layers, Objects, Text, Filters, Edit Paths, Brush, Fill, and more. Plus, various image transformation tools (rotate, flip, resize, etc.) are also present in it. Dec 13, · Learn how to import image and convert to 3D model in art mastercam,And several other settings.
Вздор! – крикнул Хейл. – Лифт подключен к энергоснабжению главного здания. Я видел схему. – Да мы уже пробовали, – задыхаясь, сказала Сьюзан, пытаясь хоть чем-то помочь шефу.
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Формула, утверждают они, – это мистификация, к которой не следует относиться серьезно. – Аукцион? – Сьюзан подняла. Стратмор кивнул: – Как раз сейчас японские компании скачивают зашифрованную версию «Цифровой крепости» и пытаются ее взломать.
С каждой минутой, уходящей на эти бесплодные попытки, ее цена растет.
В то время как даже при нынешнем рекорде – сто пятьдесят вскрытых шифров в день – они не успевают расшифровывать всю перехватываемую информацию. – Танкадо звонил мне в прошлом месяце, – сказал Стратмор, прервав размышления Сьюзан.
– Танкадо звонил вам? – удивилась. Он кивнул: – Чтобы предупредить. – Предупредить.
Она посвятила Дэвида в некоторые секреты криптографии и, желая держать его в состоянии полной готовности к неожиданностям, посылала ему записки, зашифрованные не слишком сложным образом. Список необходимых покупок, источник признания – все приходило к нему в зашифрованном виде.
Это была игра, и со временем Дэвид стал неплохим шифровальщиком. А потом решил отплатить ей той же монетой. Он начал подписывать свои записки im;ort без ссылка, Дэвид».
И «ТРАНСТЕКСТ» больше не нужен. Никаких ограничений – только свободная информация. Это шанс всей вашей жизни.
Это умиротворяющее прикосновение вывело Сьюзан из оцепенения. Внезапно она вспомнила, зачем искала Стратмора, и повернулась к. – Коммандер. Северная Дакота – это Грег Хейл.
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Stranded deep free download windows 10 free

Stranded Deep is one of those games that does not get the attention it deserves. It is a very interesting take on the survival genre and it does stranded deep free download windows 10 free better than most other games.
If you have an interest in survival games or have just watched Bear Grylls on TV and thought that you could do that!
Wndows Deep is a game you need to try and survive. There is not a lot of story to Stranded Deep, but that is not what this game is about.
You are on a plane and that plane is going down in the Pacific. Your survival is really the only story that this game has and it works very strannded. Stranded Deep features random maps for you to play on although there is a map editor so no two playthroughs are ever the same.
Sometimes you get lucky with where you wind up and other times it is absolutely brutal! The game has these really cool dynamic weather effects and they have a pretty drastic sttanded on gameplay. It is very frustrating when you are trying to do something and the weather is having none of it and I actually mean frustrating in a good and gameplay enhancing way.
Stranded Deep requires you to use the limited resources that you come across in order to build the essentials for survival. These, of course, are things like shelter and items for hunting food.
It does this very cleverly and when you do come across something that you can use on one of your expeditions it is a very exciting feeling. The game is quite realistic in that you do not have some kind of invisible bag to put a million dsep in. Rree are limited to what you can carry so you have to think about what is really necessary. This can make it challenging when you have gone out to find deepp, found it and then unexpectedly come across something else.
Do you take what you want out for or do you take the new loot? Speaking of loot there are some cool hidden treasures for photoshop 2018 portable google drive to find on the island and in the deep…. That is right you детальнее на этой странице actually go swimming in this game! Here you can find more items that can help your stranded deep free download windows 10 free and there are even shipwrecks to explore.
You have different vitals that you have stranded deep free download windows 10 free keep an eye on. These are hunger, thirst, blood, and health. Mother Nature is going to give you a beating so keeping these up is vital. Hunting for food is something that you will have to do, but before stranded deep free download windows 10 free, you, перейти на страницу course, have to scavenge for stuff that you can hunt with.
It is a never-ending stranded deep free download windows 10 free of survival that you must deal with. One thing that I really liked was when you would think all was lost and then you come across something really cool. Be it a treasure or something like a spear gun that is going to kick your survival up a few notches.
Exploring the seas and the islands is honestly a very exciting experience. Stranded Deep is a game that I had dowwnload really, really good time with. It is the kind of game I could easily see myself firing up every few months to have a play through.
It is fun, exciting and the way it deals with survival is very well done and I do enjoy the somewhat realistic approach it has. The game is not perfect from a technical point of view speaking of technical it is technically still not fully finished so there are a few bugs here and there.
Even with that being said, this is a game that is highly recommended. Browse games Game Portals. Stranded Deep. Install Game. Click the “Install Game” button to initiate the file download and get compact download launcher. Locate the executable file in your local folder and begin the launcher to install your desired game. Game review Downloads Screenshots This Is Not Kansas Stranded Deep features random maps for you to play on although there is a map editor so no two playthroughs are ever the same.
Overall rating: 8. GameFabrique
Stranded Deep PC Free Download Full Version. Stranded Deep Free Download PC Game for Mac Cracked in Direct Link To Play and Torrent. It Is Full And Complete Game. Just Download, Run Setup And Install. This PC game is working perfectly fine without any problem. This Stranded Deep game is completely free to play and you don’t need to pay any. Stranded Deep for PC – Some time ago was developed software called Stranded Deep app for Windows. This application also compatible with Operating System. Stranded Deep Free & Safe Download for Windows 10, 7, 8/ You got lost in the woods . Jul 18, · Stranded Deep Free Download FreeGamesDL For Mac OS Direct Links Latest Updates Android APK Stranded Deep On Steam Free Download PC Games Highly Compressed. Stranded Deep Game Review: Standard Deep is an open world survivor game. The game is in development and everything is subjected to change. It is currently available for early access on steam Estimated Reading Time: 2 mins. Jul 08, · Operating system: Windows XP/7/8/ Latest version: Description. Our website provides a free download of Stranded Deep The actual developer of the program is Beam Team Games. The following versions: , and are the most frequently downloaded ones by the program users. Our built-in antivirus scanned this download and /5(44).
Stranded Deep for PC – Some time ago was developed software called Stranded Deep app for Windows. This application also compatible with Operating System. Stranded Deep Free & Safe Download for Windows 10, 7, 8/ You got lost in the woods . Stranded Deep PC Free Download Full Version. Stranded Deep Free Download PC Game for Mac Cracked in Direct Link To Play and Torrent. It Is Full And Complete Game. Just Download, Run Setup And Install. This PC game is working perfectly fine without any problem. This Stranded Deep game is completely free to play and you don’t need to pay any. Download Stranded Deep. Test your survival skills in simulated desert-isle scenarios. Virus Free/5.
Download Stranded Deep. Test your survival skills in simulated desert-isle scenarios. Virus Free/5. Jan 09, · Click on the “Download Game” button. Download “Stranded Deep” Installer (Supports Resumable Downloads). Open the Installer, Click Next, and select the listing the place to Install. Let it Download Full Version sport in your specified listing. Stranded Deep for PC – Some time ago was developed software called Stranded Deep app for Windows. This application also compatible with Operating System. Stranded Deep Free & Safe Download for Windows 10, 7, 8/ You got lost in the woods .
Stranded Deep is a nerve-wracking survival game that throws the player into a plane crash the moment it begins.
Your mission is to survive the expanse of the open world by building , crafting , and escaping. To brave through the journey, you must learn to create weapons, rafts, and shelters while hunting for water and food. Stranded Deep begins with the player comfortably seated in a private jet, flying to an unknown location. The reason behind the journey is never revealed. The calm of the plane gets replaced by alarms sounding from the cockpit. Soon enough, you find yourself free-falling directly into the sea.
As the only plane crash survivor, you must make it to the lifeboat. The scene cuts to give players some gameplay tips , including information on how players can scavenge and observe their health stats.
You have the option to find an island, build a shelter, farm, and hunt. You can also build a raft to explore the open waters or other islands. Irrespective of the task you choose, each is fraught with some danger so you must stay alert! For every danger, there is an action that you can perform.
If you find yourself burning under the rays of the sun, then construct a shelter and build water collectors to keep yourself hydrated. The game gives you another life after the plane crash. The environment is tough to survive and the challenges are difficult, so you must be ready to die an awful lot of times. Your character will progress by completing tasks.
If you cut down a palm tree, you increase your harvesting skills. When you fight an animal, you become better at hunting. Every action that you perform makes you better, improves your skills, and increases your chances of survival. The learning curve is extremely steep , so expect as many hurdles as you can. As your skill and stats get better, the game becomes easier and you die less.
The world of this game follows a day and night cycle and offers varying weather conditions. While the colors of the island are a reminder of the tropics, the sea feels cool and inviting. The animals are just as animated and have a knack for camouflage, so you must always stay on your toes. Yes, if you are running a Windows Vista or above on your system, you can easily play this game.
The game has no final victory, but players have to work towards different achievements. However, the developers are toying with the idea of introducing planes, so the players can signal them and get rescued.
Some of these have a multiplayer mode , which is what is lacking and is a primary drawback when playing this game. Stranded Deep is a fun but difficult survival game without an end.
You must stay careful about keeping your shelter intact and your raft from falling into the ocean. Because, if either of those things happens, you can find yourself in bigger trouble than before.
Apart from that, you must build strength and keep your vitals in check. The game can go on for hours and is an interesting survival game that you should download. The choice to add coop in the near future would be an even more amazing experience with friends that would lift the game’s popularity even higher.
But still an amazing game. Good but can be better.. This game is a good survival game with many great features. The farming update made it 10x better!!! But one thing I wo uld change is that you have to have a shelter to save. I would make so that you can save any where.
Pros: farming animals Cons: saving the game paddleing speed More. Markiplier played it and I loved the mechanics and realistic environment!. Why do the sharks not behave realistically?
They shouldn’t be so chas e-down bloodthirsty, but maybe inmstead kind of follow you or only attack if you’;re injured. Pros: Realistic mechanics Cons: Bad sharkies More. Laws concerning the use of this software vary from country to country. We do not encourage or condone the use of this program if it is in violation of these laws. In Softonic we scan all the files hosted on our platform to assess and avoid any potential harm for your device.
Our team performs checks each time a new file is uploaded and periodically reviews files to confirm or update their status. This comprehensive process allows us to set a status for any downloadable file as follows:. We have scanned the file and URLs associated with this software program in more than 50 of the world’s leading antivirus services; no possible threat has been detected.
Based on our scan system, we have determined that these flags are possibly false positives. It means a benign program is wrongfully flagged as malicious due to an overly broad detection signature or algorithm used in an antivirus program.
What do you think about Stranded Deep? Do you recommend it? Stranded Deep for Windows. Softonic review Survive a plane crash Stranded Deep is a nerve-wracking survival game that throws the player into a plane crash the moment it begins. Does Stranded Deep have a story? Stranded Deep for PC. Raft 1. The Forest 0. Subnautica 1. Danger from the Deep 0. Bermuda: Lost Survival 1. Green Hell Varies with device 4.
Your review for Stranded Deep. Your review for Stranded Deep Thank you for rating! Leave a review. This is embarrassing Try this instead.
Stranded Deep – Download.Stranded deep free download windows 10 free
Внутри было темно и шумно. Приемный покой представлял собой бесконечный узкий коридор с выстроившимися в ряд во всю его длину складными стульями. Установленная на треноге картонная табличка с надписью OFICINA стрелкой указывала направление.
Stranded Deep for PC – Some time ago was developed software called Stranded Deep app for Windows. This application also compatible with Operating System. Stranded Deep Free & Safe Download for Windows 10, 7, 8/ You got lost in the woods . Jun 24, · Softonic review Survive a plane crash. Stranded Deep is a nerve-wracking survival game that throws the player into a plane crash the moment it begins. As you find yourself stranded in the Pacific Ocean, you face terrifying scenarios that’ll play out differently each time you enter the game. Your mission is to survive the expanse of the open world by building, crafting, and escaping. Jul 18, · Stranded Deep Free Download FreeGamesDL For Mac OS Direct Links Latest Updates Android APK Stranded Deep On Steam Free Download PC Games Highly Compressed. Stranded Deep Game Review: Standard Deep is an open world survivor game. The game is in development and everything is subjected to change. It is currently available for early access on steam Estimated Reading Time: 2 mins.
This PC game is working perfectly fine without any problem. Spears, Axes, Bows, Spearguns, and so much more can all be crafted through an interactive crafting menu or by the quick-craft selection wheel. Items in your inventory and on the ground around you can all be crafted into something useful.
Harvesting, Craftsmanship, Cooking, Physical, and Hunting can all be levelled up for maximum efficiency or to unlock different crafting combinations. With dozens of tiers and building pieces to choose from; craft your very own home away from home. From a weak and flimsy palm frond shack to a solid clay brick house. Customise your own raft with sails, canopies, storage, anchors, boat motors, and more.
If sailings not for you — fly in style by constructing a gyrocopter! Explore the procedurally generated world with no two islands the same. Dive for sunken shipwrecks, abandoned shelters from previous survivors, or search for rare sea creatures like whales. Build and manage your farm with water management and plant growth cycles.
Hunt, Fish, Trap, and Skin animals for food or kill to insert your dominance over the pacific islands. Unlock Steam achievements! Compare statistics with your friends from the in-game leaderboards for whose the best survivor.
Customise your world through the map island editor. Play as Female or Male. Change your game difficulty. Play split-screen co-op, and so much more! Create your own custom island and add it to your survival world! Hand sculpt the terrain and manually place each individual tree, rock, and creature to create the adventure island you want! The things we want and things we know you want!
Click start download button get started. You can easily download Stranded Deep Free Game from here. Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Alone, without any means to call for help, you must do what you can to survive. Stay sharp: hunger, thirst, and exposure conspire against you as you brave treacherous elements and the dangerous creatures of the Pacific.
Live long enough, Stay Alive! Health, Hunger, Thirst, and sunstroke. Manage and monitor these vitals through an interactive survival watch. Cure poisons, heal broken bones, and bandage bleeding to stay alive. You can even share it with your friends! Dealing with bugs -A lot of effort has been put into making sure your Stranded Deep experience is as bug free as possible, however the game is in an Early Access stage of development, so there will be bugs.
We will be doing our best to squish them. Performance — Optimizing performance is an important ongoing process that will continue through the Early Access period. Island and Terrain Variety — Creating more unique biomes and biome parameters for different procedural generations.
More Wildlife — Incorporating more fish and shark species and more interesting island wildlife like birds, snakes and lizards. An End-game Scenario — Making it possible to complete a series of optional tasks and progress through the world in an attempt to be rescued.
Co-operative Gameplay — Where you can band together as a team of misfits and ration your supplies or eliminate each other one by one. Improved User Interface — All of the in-game UI is temporary and will be replaced with a more fitting theme.
Pixel Shader 3. Deferred lighting support most and later cards support deferred lighting DirectX: Version 9. Leave a Comment Cancel Reply Your email address will not be published.
Sample Page Menu Toggle.
Stranded Deep for PC – Some time ago was developed software called Stranded Deep app for Windows. This application also compatible with Operating System. Stranded Deep Free & Safe Download for Windows 10, 7, 8/ You got lost in the woods . Jul 08, · Operating system: Windows XP/7/8/ Latest version: Description. Our website provides a free download of Stranded Deep The actual developer of the program is Beam Team Games. The following versions: , and are the most frequently downloaded ones by the program users. Our built-in antivirus scanned this download and /5(44). Download latest version of Stranded Deep for Windows. Safe and Virus Free. Jul 18, · Stranded Deep Free Download FreeGamesDL For Mac OS Direct Links Latest Updates Android APK Stranded Deep On Steam Free Download PC Games Highly Compressed. Stranded Deep Game Review: Standard Deep is an open world survivor game. The game is in development and everything is subjected to change. It is currently available for early access on steam Estimated Reading Time: 2 mins. Jun 24, · Softonic review Survive a plane crash. Stranded Deep is a nerve-wracking survival game that throws the player into a plane crash the moment it begins. As you find yourself stranded in the Pacific Ocean, you face terrifying scenarios that’ll play out differently each time you enter the game. Your mission is to survive the expanse of the open world by building, crafting, and escaping.
The animals are just as animated and have a knack for camouflage, so you must always stay on your toes. Yes, if you are running a Windows Vista or above on your system, you can easily play this game. The game has no final victory, but players have to work towards different achievements.
However, the developers are toying with the idea of introducing planes, so the players can signal them and get rescued. Some of these have a multiplayer mode , which is what is lacking and is a primary drawback when playing this game.
Stranded Deep is a fun but difficult survival game without an end. You must stay careful about keeping your shelter intact and your raft from falling into the ocean. Because, if either of those things happens, you can find yourself in bigger trouble than before.
Apart from that, you must build strength and keep your vitals in check. The game can go on for hours and is an interesting survival game that you should download. The choice to add coop in the near future would be an even more amazing experience with friends that would lift the game’s popularity even higher.
But still an amazing game. Good but can be better.. This game is a good survival game with many great features. The most attention-grabbing and entertaining function of the sport is the climatic results. Due to all this stuff, you may get some spectacular components that may aid you in getting greater expertise.
OS: Windows Vista bit. DX: DirectX 9. Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Alone, without any means to call for help, you must do what you can to survive. Stay sharp: hunger, thirst, and exposure conspire against you as you brave treacherous elements and the dangerous creatures of the Pacific. Live long enough, Stay Alive! Health, Hunger, Thirst, and sunstroke. Manage and monitor these vitals through an interactive survival watch.
Cure poisons, heal broken bones, and bandage bleeding to stay alive. You can even share it with your friends! Now Play the role of a plane crash survivor stranded somewhere in the Pacific Ocean. Sharks are the biggest enemy in this adventure. The sources in the standard deep are very scare. You can found the most valuable materials under the sea. It is the ocean and you have to never sit quiet. Crafting is the very important skill in this survival- axes and hammers can be hand made for building The knives and spears can be made for some practical usage.
The main objective of the game is to survive. It is a very interesting take on the survival genre and it does it better than most other games.
If you have an interest in survival games or have just watched Bear Grylls on TV and thought that you could do that! Stranded Deep is a game you need to try and survive. There is not a lot of story to Stranded Deep, but that is not what this game is about. You are on a plane and that plane is going down in the Pacific.
Your survival is really the only story that this game has and it works very well. Stranded Deep features random maps for you to play on although there is a map editor so no two playthroughs are ever the same. Sometimes you get lucky with where you wind up and other times it is absolutely brutal!
Jun 24, · Softonic review Survive a plane crash. Stranded Deep is a nerve-wracking survival game that throws the player into a plane crash the moment it begins. As you find yourself stranded in the Pacific Ocean, you face terrifying scenarios that’ll play out differently each time you enter the game. Your mission is to survive the expanse of the open world by building, crafting, and escaping. Jul 08, · Operating system: Windows XP/7/8/ Latest version: Description. Our website provides a free download of Stranded Deep The actual developer of the program is Beam Team Games. The following versions: , and are the most frequently downloaded ones by the program users. Our built-in antivirus scanned this download and /5(44). Stranded Deep for PC – Some time ago was developed software called Stranded Deep app for Windows. This application also compatible with Operating System. Stranded Deep Free & Safe Download for Windows 10, 7, 8/ You got lost in the woods . Jul 18, · Stranded Deep Free Download FreeGamesDL For Mac OS Direct Links Latest Updates Android APK Stranded Deep On Steam Free Download PC Games Highly Compressed. Stranded Deep Game Review: Standard Deep is an open world survivor game. The game is in development and everything is subjected to change. It is currently available for early access on steam Estimated Reading Time: 2 mins.
Download Stranded Deep. Test your survival skills in simulated desert-isle scenarios. Virus Free/5. Download latest version of Stranded Deep for Windows. Safe and Virus Free. Stranded Deep for PC – Some time ago was developed software called Stranded Deep app for Windows. This application also compatible with Operating System. Stranded Deep Free & Safe Download for Windows 10, 7, 8/ You got lost in the woods . Stranded Deep PC Free Download Full Version. Stranded Deep Free Download PC Game for Mac Cracked in Direct Link To Play and Torrent. It Is Full And Complete Game. Just Download, Run Setup And Install. This PC game is working perfectly fine without any problem. This Stranded Deep game is completely free to play and you don’t need to pay any. Jan 09, · Click on the “Download Game” button. Download “Stranded Deep” Installer (Supports Resumable Downloads). Open the Installer, Click Next, and select the listing the place to Install. Let it Download Full Version sport in your specified listing.
With dozens of tiers and building pieces to choose from; craft your very own home away from home. From a weak and flimsy palm frond shack to a solid clay brick house. Customise your own raft with sails, canopies, storage, anchors, boat motors, and more. If sailings not for you — fly in style by constructing a gyrocopter! Explore the procedurally generated world with no two islands the same.
Dive for sunken shipwrecks, abandoned shelters from previous survivors, or search for rare sea creatures like whales. Build and manage your farm with water management and plant growth cycles. Hunt, Fish, Trap, and Skin animals for food or kill to insert your dominance over the pacific islands. Unlock Steam achievements! Compare statistics with your friends from the in-game leaderboards for whose the best survivor. Customise your world through the map island editor.
Play as Female or Male. Change your game difficulty. Play split-screen co-op, and so much more! Create your own custom island and add it to your survival world! Hand sculpt the terrain and manually place each individual tree, rock, and creature to create the adventure island you want! The things we want and things we know you want! Click start download button get started. You can easily download Stranded Deep Free Game from here. Your email address will not be published.
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Alone, without any means to call for help, you must do what you can to survive.
It is very frustrating when you are trying to do something and the weather is having none of it and I actually mean frustrating in a good and gameplay enhancing way. Stranded Deep requires you to use the limited resources that you come across in order to build the essentials for survival. These, of course, are things like shelter and items for hunting food. It does this very cleverly and when you do come across something that you can use on one of your expeditions it is a very exciting feeling.
The game is quite realistic in that you do not have some kind of invisible bag to put a million things in. You are limited to what you can carry so you have to think about what is really necessary. This can make it challenging when you have gone out to find something, found it and then unexpectedly come across something else. Do you take what you want out for or do you take the new loot? Speaking of loot there are some cool hidden treasures for you to find on the island and in the deep…. That is right you can actually go swimming in this game!
Here you can find more items that can help your survival and there are even shipwrecks to explore. You have different vitals that you have to keep an eye on. These are hunger, thirst, blood, and health. Mother Nature is going to give you a beating so keeping these up is vital. Hunting for food is something that you will have to do, but before this, you, of course, have to scavenge for stuff that you can hunt with. It is a never-ending circle of survival that you must deal with.
One thing that I really liked was when you would think all was lost and then you come across something really cool. Be it a treasure or something like a spear gun that is going to kick your survival up a few notches.
Exploring the seas and the islands is honestly a very exciting experience. Stranded Deep is a game that I had a really, really good time with. It is the kind of game I could easily see myself firing up every few months to have a play through.
Stranded Deep PC Free Download Full Version available.Stranded deep free download windows 10 free
Download latest version of Stranded Deep for Windows. Safe and Virus Free. Stranded Deep for PC – Some time ago was developed software called Stranded Deep app for Windows. This application also compatible with Operating System. Stranded Deep Free & Safe Download for Windows 10, 7, 8/ You got lost in the woods . Download Stranded Deep. Test your survival skills in simulated desert-isle scenarios. Virus Free/5. Jan 09, · Click on the “Download Game” button. Download “Stranded Deep” Installer (Supports Resumable Downloads). Open the Installer, Click Next, and select the listing the place to Install. Let it Download Full Version sport in your specified listing. Stranded Deep PC Free Download Full Version. Stranded Deep Free Download PC Game for Mac Cracked in Direct Link To Play and Torrent. It Is Full And Complete Game. Just Download, Run Setup And Install. This PC game is working perfectly fine without any problem. This Stranded Deep game is completely free to play and you don’t need to pay any.
Your survival is really the only story that this game has and it works very well. Stranded Deep features random maps for you to play on although there is a map editor so no two playthroughs are ever the same. Sometimes you get lucky with where you wind up and other times it is absolutely brutal!
The game has these really cool dynamic weather effects and they have a pretty drastic effect on gameplay. It is very frustrating when you are trying to do something and the weather is having none of it and I actually mean frustrating in a good and gameplay enhancing way. Stranded Deep requires you to use the limited resources that you come across in order to build the essentials for survival. These, of course, are things like shelter and items for hunting food.
It does this very cleverly and when you do come across something that you can use on one of your expeditions it is a very exciting feeling. The game is quite realistic in that you do not have some kind of invisible bag to put a million things in. You are limited to what you can carry so you have to think about what is really necessary.
This can make it challenging when you have gone out to find something, found it and then unexpectedly come across something else. Do you take what you want out for or do you take the new loot? Speaking of loot there are some cool hidden treasures for you to find on the island and in the deep…. That is right you can actually go swimming in this game! Here you can find more items that can help your survival and there are even shipwrecks to explore.
You have different vitals that you have to keep an eye on. These are hunger, thirst, blood, and health. Mother Nature is going to give you a beating so keeping these up is vital. Hunting for food is something that you will have to do, but before this, you, of course, have to scavenge for stuff that you can hunt with. It is a never-ending circle of survival that you must deal with. One thing that I really liked was when you would think all was lost and then you come across something really cool.
It is currently available for early access on steam. The game featured a serve plane crash, the player attempts to survive on his own. Players has nothing but the skills and what he can find in his environment. He must survive in the islands of the pacific. He will experience the terrifying encounters both above and below an endless environment. Engage yourself in an infinite procedurally generated world both above and below that is never the same twice.
Stranded Deep Free Download. It will depicts that whether or not you have the necessary skills to survive in such conditions. The game forces you to move from island to island. The game is fully exposed to the danger. See some great Actproton Games Here. Now Play the role of a plane crash survivor stranded somewhere in the Pacific Ocean. Sharks are the biggest enemy in this adventure. The sources in the standard deep are very scare.
You can found the most valuable materials under the sea. It is the ocean and you have to never sit quiet. Crafting is the very important skill in this survival- axes and hammers can be hand made for building The knives and spears can be made for some practical usage.
The main objective of the game is to survive. The game featured a dynamic environment.
Stranded Deep PC Free Download Full Version. Stranded Deep Free Download PC Game for Mac Cracked in Direct Link To Play and Torrent. It Is Full And Complete Game. Just Download, Run Setup And Install. This PC game is working perfectly fine without any problem. This Stranded Deep game is completely free to play and you don’t need to pay any. Jun 24, · Softonic review Survive a plane crash. Stranded Deep is a nerve-wracking survival game that throws the player into a plane crash the moment it begins. As you find yourself stranded in the Pacific Ocean, you face terrifying scenarios that’ll play out differently each time you enter the game. Your mission is to survive the expanse of the open world by building, crafting, and escaping. Download latest version of Stranded Deep for Windows. Safe and Virus Free.
Pros: Realistic mechanics Cons: Bad sharkies More. Laws concerning the use of this software vary from country to country. We do not encourage or condone the use of this program if it is in violation of these laws. In Softonic we scan all the files hosted on our platform to assess and avoid any potential harm for your device. Our team performs checks each time a new file is uploaded and periodically reviews files to confirm or update their status.
This comprehensive process allows us to set a status for any downloadable file as follows:. We have scanned the file and URLs associated with this software program in more than 50 of the world’s leading antivirus services; no possible threat has been detected.
Based on our scan system, we have determined that these flags are possibly false positives. It means a benign program is wrongfully flagged as malicious due to an overly broad detection signature or algorithm used in an antivirus program.
What do you think about Stranded Deep? Do you recommend it? Stranded Deep for Windows. Softonic review Survive a plane crash Stranded Deep is a nerve-wracking survival game that throws the player into a plane crash the moment it begins. Does Stranded Deep have a story?
Stranded Deep for PC. Raft 1. The Forest 0. Subnautica 1. Danger from the Deep 0. Bermuda: Lost Survival 1. Green Hell Varies with device 4. Your review for Stranded Deep. Your review for Stranded Deep Thank you for rating! This PC game is working perfectly fine without any problem. Spears, Axes, Bows, Spearguns, and so much more can all be crafted through an interactive crafting menu or by the quick-craft selection wheel. Items in your inventory and on the ground around you can all be crafted into something useful.
Harvesting, Craftsmanship, Cooking, Physical, and Hunting can all be levelled up for maximum efficiency or to unlock different crafting combinations. With dozens of tiers and building pieces to choose from; craft your very own home away from home.
From a weak and flimsy palm frond shack to a solid clay brick house. Customise your own raft with sails, canopies, storage, anchors, boat motors, and more. If sailings not for you — fly in style by constructing a gyrocopter! Explore the procedurally generated world with no two islands the same. Dive for sunken shipwrecks, abandoned shelters from previous survivors, or search for rare sea creatures like whales.
Build and manage your farm with water management and plant growth cycles. Hunt, Fish, Trap, and Skin animals for food or kill to insert your dominance over the pacific islands. Unlock Steam achievements!
Compare statistics with your friends from the in-game leaderboards for whose the best survivor. The game is in development and everything is subjected to change.
It is currently available for early access on steam. The game featured a serve plane crash, the player attempts to survive on his own.
Players has nothing but the skills and what he can find in his environment. He must survive in the islands of the pacific. He will experience the terrifying encounters both above and below an endless environment.
Engage yourself in an infinite procedurally generated world both above and below that is never the same twice. Stranded Deep Free Download. It will depicts that whether or not you have the necessary skills to survive in such conditions. The game forces you to move from island to island. The game is fully exposed to the danger. See some great Actproton Games Here.
Standard Deep is an open world survivor game. The game is in development and everything is subjected to change. It is currently available for early access on steam.
The game featured a serve plane crash, the player attempts to survive on his own. Players has nothing but the skills and what he can find in his environment. He must survive in the islands of the pacific. He will experience the terrifying encounters both above and below an endless environment. Engage yourself in an infinite procedurally generated world both above and below that is never the same twice.
Stranded Deep Free Download. It will depicts that whether or not you have the necessary skills to survive in such conditions. The game forces you to move from island to island. The game is fully exposed to the danger.
See some great Actproton Games Here. Now Play the role of a plane crash survivor stranded somewhere in the Pacific Ocean. Sharks are the biggest enemy in this adventure. The sources in the standard deep are very scare. You can found the most valuable materials under the sea. It is the ocean and you have to never sit quiet. Crafting is the very important skill in this survival- axes and hammers can be hand made for building The knives and spears can be made for some practical usage.
The main objective of the game is to survive. The game featured a dynamic environment. The players can also search for the resources that were left behind by the past explorations.
The leftover of ancient ships and crashed planes can be discovered. However the deadly marine life can put the player in danger. There are two general play styles in the game. Beam Team games are looking at incorporating co-op and multiplayer modes into the game. The game supports Linux under features, however it is not sure that when the Linux version will be available to the public in market.
The players will have to try their best to settle on an island. They can build shelters to keep themselves save from the environmental hazards. The resources can be harvested and combined in order to create equipment. You can also try some Adventure Games Here.
Download Here. Above 5 GB Games. PC Software. Action PC Games. All PC Games. Nintendo 3DS Games. Deep Into The Realms: The main objective of the game is to survive.
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Download Font for Free. View the Full Collection. Thank you for download! To avoid them, download InDesign from the official Adobe website. Physical side effects from chronic smoking of cocaine include coughing up blood , bronchospasm , itching , fever , diffuse alveolar infiltrates without effusions, pulmonary and systemic eosinophilia , chest pain, lung trauma, sore throat, asthma , hoarse voice, dyspnea shortness of breath , and an aching, flu -like syndrome.
Cocaine constricts blood vessels , dilates pupils , and increases body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. It can also cause headaches and gastrointestinal complications such as abdominal pain and nausea. A common but untrue belief is that the smoking of cocaine chemically breaks down tooth enamel and causes tooth decay. Cocaine can cause involuntary tooth grinding, known as bruxism , which can deteriorate tooth enamel and lead to gingivitis. Since saliva is an important mechanism in maintaining one’s oral pH level, people who use cocaine over a long period of time who do not hydrate sufficiently may experience demineralization of their teeth due to the pH of the tooth surface dropping too low below 5.
Cocaine use also promotes the formation of blood clots. Chronic intranasal usage can degrade the cartilage separating the nostrils the septum nasi , leading eventually to its complete disappearance.
Due to the absorption of the cocaine from cocaine hydrochloride, the remaining hydrochloride forms a dilute hydrochloric acid. Illicitly-sold cocaine may be contaminated with levamisole. Cocaine use leads to an increased risk of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes. This change can be identified rather quickly, and may be sustained weeks after the last dose of the drug. DNA damage is increased in the brain of rodents by administration of cocaine.
Cocaine dependence develops after even brief periods of regular cocaine use [92] and produces a withdrawal state with emotional-motivational deficits upon cessation of cocaine use. Crack baby is a term for a child born to a mother who used crack cocaine during her pregnancy. The threat that cocaine use during pregnancy poses to the fetus is now considered exaggerated. Many recall that “crack babies”, or babies born to mothers who used crack cocaine while pregnant, were at one time written off by many as a lost generation.
They were predicted to suffer from severe, irreversible damage, including reduced intelligence and social skills. It was later found that this was a gross exaggeration.
However, the fact that most of these children appear normal should not be over-interpreted as indicating that there is no cause for concern.
Using sophisticated technologies, scientists are now finding that exposure to cocaine during fetal development may lead to subtle, yet significant, later deficits in some children, including deficits in some aspects of cognitive performance, information-processing, and attention to tasks—abilities that are important for success in school. There are also warnings about the threat of breastfeeding : The March of Dimes said “it is likely that cocaine will reach the baby through breast milk,” and advises the following regarding cocaine use during pregnancy:.
Cocaine use during pregnancy can affect a pregnant woman and her unborn baby in many ways. During the early months of pregnancy, it may increase the risk of miscarriage. Later in pregnancy, it can trigger preterm labor labor that occurs before 37 weeks of pregnancy or cause the baby to grow poorly.
As a result, cocaine-exposed babies are more likely than unexposed babies to be born with low birth weight less than 5. Low-birthweight babies are 20 times more likely to die in their first month of life than normal-weight babies, and face an increased risk of lifelong disabilities such as mental retardation and cerebral palsy.
Cocaine-exposed babies also tend to have smaller heads, which generally reflect smaller brains. Some studies suggest that cocaine-exposed babies are at increased risk of birth defects, including urinary tract defects and, possibly, heart defects. Cocaine also may cause an unborn baby to have a stroke, irreversible brain damage, or a heart attack. Persons with regular or problematic use of cocaine have a significantly higher rate of death, and are specifically at higher risk of traumatic deaths and deaths attributable to infectious disease.
The extent of absorption of cocaine into the systemic circulation after nasal insufflation is similar to that after oral ingestion. The rate of absorption after nasal insufflation is somewhat limited by cocaine-induced vasoconstriction of capillaries in the nasal mucosa.
The onset of absorption after oral ingestion is delayed because cocaine is a weak base with a pKa of 8. The delay in absorption after oral ingestion may account for the popular belief that cocaine bioavailability from the stomach is lower than after insufflation.
Compared to ingestion, the faster absorption of insufflated cocaine results in quicker attainment of maximum drug effects. Snorting cocaine produces maximum physiological effects within 40 minutes and maximum psychotropic effects within 20 minutes. Physiological and psychotropic effects from nasally insufflated cocaine are sustained for approximately 40—60 minutes after the peak effects are attained.
Cocaine has a short elimination half life of 0. Depending on liver and kidney function, cocaine metabolites are detectable in urine.
Detection of cocaine metabolites in hair is possible in regular users until the sections of hair grown during use are cut or fall out. Dopamine neurotransmitter released during neural signaling is normally recycled via the transporter; i.
Cocaine binds tightly at the dopamine transporter forming a complex that blocks the transporter’s function. The dopamine transporter can no longer perform its reuptake function, and thus dopamine accumulates in the synaptic cleft. The increased concentration of dopamine in the synapse activates post-synaptic dopamine receptors, which makes the drug rewarding and promotes the compulsive use of cocaine.
Cocaine affects certain serotonin 5-HT receptors; in particular, it has been shown to antagonize the 5-HT3 receptor , which is a ligand-gated ion channel. An overabundance of 5-HT3 receptors is reported in cocaine-conditioned rats, though 5-HT3’s role is unclear. Cocaine has been demonstrated to bind as to directly stabilize the DAT transporter on the open outward-facing conformation. Further, cocaine binds in such a way as to inhibit a hydrogen bond innate to DAT.
Cocaine’s binding properties are such that it attaches so this hydrogen bond will not form and is blocked from formation due to the tightly locked orientation of the cocaine molecule. Research studies have suggested that the affinity for the transporter is not what is involved in the habituation of the substance so much as the conformation and binding properties to where and how on the transporter the molecule binds.
Sigma receptors are affected by cocaine, as cocaine functions as a sigma ligand agonist. Cocaine also blocks sodium channels , thereby interfering with the propagation of action potentials ; [] [71] thus, like lignocaine and novocaine , it acts as a local anesthetic. It also functions on the binding sites to the dopamine and serotonin sodium dependent transport area as targets as separate mechanisms from its reuptake of those transporters; unique to its local anesthetic value which makes it in a class of functionality different from both its own derived phenyltropanes analogues which have that removed.
In addition to this, cocaine has some target binding to the site of the Kappa-opioid receptor. Recent research points to an important role of circadian mechanisms [] and clock genes [] in behavioral actions of cocaine.
Cocaine effects, further, are shown to be potentiated for the user when used in conjunction with new surroundings and stimuli, and otherwise novel environs. Cocaine in its purest form is a white, pearly product.
Cocaine appearing in powder form is a salt , typically cocaine hydrochloride. Street cocaine is often adulterated or “cut” with talc , lactose , sucrose , glucose , mannitol , inositol , caffeine , procaine , phencyclidine , phenytoin , lignocaine , strychnine , levamisole , amphetamine , or heroin. The color of “crack” cocaine depends upon several factors including the origin of the cocaine used, the method of preparation — with ammonia or baking soda — and the presence of impurities.
It will generally range from white to a yellowish cream to a light brown. Its texture will also depend on the adulterants, origin, and processing of the powdered cocaine, and the method of converting the base. It ranges from a crumbly texture, sometimes extremely oily, to a hard, almost crystalline nature.
Cocaine — a tropane alkaloid — is a weakly alkaline compound, and can therefore combine with acidic compounds to form salts. Different salts dissolve to a greater or lesser extent in various solvents — the hydrochloride salt is polar in character and is quite soluble in water. As the name implies, “freebase” is the base form of cocaine, as opposed to the salt form.
It is practically insoluble in water whereas hydrochloride salt is water-soluble. Smoking freebase cocaine has the additional effect of releasing methylecgonidine into the user’s system due to the pyrolysis of the substance a side effect which insufflating or injecting powder cocaine does not create. Some research suggests that smoking freebase cocaine can be even more cardiotoxic than other routes of administration [] because of methylecgonidine’s effects on lung tissue [] and liver tissue.
Pure cocaine is prepared by neutralizing its compounding salt with an alkaline solution, which will precipitate non-polar basic cocaine. It is further refined through aqueous-solvent liquid—liquid extraction. Crack is usually smoked in a glass pipe, and once inhaled, it passes from the lungs directly to the central nervous system , producing an almost immediate “high” that can be very powerful — this initial crescendo of stimulation is known as a “rush”.
This is followed by an equally intense low, leaving the user craving more drug. Addiction to crack usually occurs with four to six weeks; much more rapidly than with regular cocaine. This effectively destroys some of the cocaine and yields a sharp, acrid, and foul-tasting smoke.
The origin of the name “crack” comes from the “crackling” sound and hence the onomatopoeic moniker “crack” that is produced when the cocaine and its impurities i.
Coca herbal infusion also referred to as coca tea is used in coca-leaf producing countries much as any herbal medicinal infusion would elsewhere in the world. The free and legal commercialization of dried coca leaves under the form of filtration bags to be used as “coca tea” has been actively promoted by the governments of Peru and Bolivia for many years as a drink having medicinal powers.
In Peru, the National Coca Company , a state-run corporation, sells cocaine-infused teas and other medicinal products and also exports leaves to the U.
Visitors to the city of Cuzco in Peru, and La Paz in Bolivia are greeted with the offering of coca leaf infusions prepared in teapots with whole coca leaves purportedly to help the newly arrived traveler overcome the malaise of high altitude sickness.
One study on coca leaf infusion used with counseling in the treatment of 23 addicted coca-paste smokers in Lima , Peru found that the relapses rate fell from 4. The duration of abstinence increased from an average of 32 days before treatment to This suggests that coca leaf infusion plus counseling may be effective at preventing relapse during cocaine addiction treatment.
There is little information on the pharmacological and toxicological effects of consuming coca tea. Urine specimens were also analyzed from an individual who consumed one cup of coca tea and it was determined that enough cocaine and cocaine-related metabolites were present to produce a positive drug test.
Since then, Robert Robinson and Edward Leete have made significant contributions to the mechanism of the synthesis. The second addition occurs through a Claisen condensation. This produces a racemic mixture of the 2-substituted pyrrolidine, with the retention of the thioester from the Claisen condensation. In formation of tropinone from racemic ethyl [2,C 2 ] 4 Nmethylpyrrolidinyl oxobutanoate there is no preference for either stereoisomer.
The stereoselectivity of this reaction was further investigated through study of prochiral methylene hydrogen discrimination. The benzoyl moiety required for the formation of the cocaine diester is synthesized from phenylalanine via cinnamic acid.
The biosynthesis begins with L- Glutamine , which is derived to L- ornithine in plants. The major contribution of L-ornithine and L- arginine as a precursor to the tropane ring was confirmed by Edward Leete. In some animals, the urea cycle derives putrescine from ornithine.
L-ornithine is converted to L-arginine, [] which is then decarboxylated via PLP to form agmatine. Hydrolysis of the imine derives N -carbamoylputrescine followed with hydrolysis of the urea to form putrescine. The separate pathways of converting ornithine to putrescine in plants and animals have converged.
A SAM-dependent N -methylation of putrescine gives the N -methylputrescine product, which then undergoes oxidative deamination by the action of diamine oxidase to yield the aminoaldehyde. The biosynthesis of the tropane alkaloid is still not understood. Hemscheidt proposes that Robinson’s acetonedicarboxylate emerges as a potential intermediate for this reaction.
Decarboxylation leads to tropane alkaloid formation. The reduction of tropinone is mediated by NADPH -dependent reductase enzymes, which have been characterized in multiple plant species. Cocaine and its major metabolites may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to monitor for use, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or sudden death. Most commercial cocaine immunoassay screening tests cross-react appreciably with the major cocaine metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and separately measure each of these substances.
When interpreting the results of a test, it is important to consider the cocaine usage history of the individual, since a chronic user can develop tolerance to doses that would incapacitate a cocaine-naive individual, and the chronic user often has high baseline values of the metabolites in his system.
Cautious interpretation of testing results may allow a distinction between passive or active usage, and between smoking versus other routes of administration. Cocaine may be detected by law enforcement using the Scott reagent. The test can easily generate false positives for common substances and must be confirmed with a laboratory test.
The shade of brown shown by the chloroform is proportional to the cocaine content. This test is not cross sensitive to heroin, methamphetamine, benzocaine, procaine and a number of other drugs but other chemicals could cause false positives.
According to a United Nations report, England and Wales are the countries with the highest rate of cocaine usage 2. Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in Europe behind cannabis. Since the mids, overall cocaine usage in Europe has been on the rise, but usage rates and attitudes tend to vary between countries.
Approximately 17 million Europeans 5. About 1. The ratio of male to female users is approximately 3. In London had the highest amount of cocaine in its sewage out of 50 European cities. Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in the United States behind cannabis [] and the U.
In the s and s, the drug became particularly popular in the disco culture as cocaine usage was very common and popular in many discos such as Studio Treatment with contingency management , such as providing vouchers for retail items contingent upon objectively-verified abstinence from recent drug use, has been shown in randomized clinical trials to significantly reduce the likelihood of having a positive test for the presence of cocaine.
TA-CD is an active vaccine [] developed by the Xenova Group which is used to negate the effects of cocaine, making it suitable for use in treatment of addiction. It is created by combining norcocaine with inactivated cholera toxin. Indigenous peoples of South America have chewed the leaves of Erythroxylon coca — a plant that contains vital nutrients as well as numerous alkaloids , including cocaine — for over a thousand years.
The remains of coca leaves have been found with ancient Peruvian mummies, and pottery from the time period depicts humans with bulged cheeks, indicating the presence of something on which they are chewing. When the Spanish arrived in South America , the conquistadors at first banned coca as an “evil agent of devil”.
When they wished to make themselves drunk and out of judgment they chewed a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves which make them go as they were out of their wittes. In , Padre Blas Valera wrote:.
Coca protects the body from many ailments, and our doctors use it in powdered form to reduce the swelling of wounds, to strengthen broken bones, to expel cold from the body or prevent it from entering, and to cure rotten wounds or sores that are full of maggots.
And if it does so much for outward ailments, will not its singular virtue have even greater effect in the entrails of those who eat it? Although the stimulant and hunger-suppressant properties of coca had been known for many centuries, the isolation of the cocaine alkaloid was not achieved until Various European scientists had attempted to isolate cocaine, but none had been successful for two reasons: the knowledge of chemistry required was insufficient at the time, and contemporary conditions of sea-shipping from South America could degrade the cocaine in the plant samples available to European chemists.
The cocaine alkaloid was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke in Gaedcke named the alkaloid “erythroxyline”, and published a description in the journal Archiv der Pharmazie.
Carl Scherzer , a scientist aboard the Novara an Austrian frigate sent by Emperor Franz Joseph to circle the globe , to bring him a large amount of coca leaves from South America.
He wrote of the alkaloid’s “colourless transparent prisms” and said that “Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue.
Because of the former use of cocaine as a local anesthetic , a suffix “-caine” was later extracted and used to form names of synthetic local anesthetics. With the discovery of this new alkaloid, Western medicine was quick to exploit the possible uses of this plant. He prepared two separate jars, one containing a cocaine-salt solution, with the other containing merely saltwater. He then submerged a frog’s legs into the two jars, one leg in the treatment and one in the control solution, and proceeded to stimulate the legs in several different ways.
The leg that had been immersed in the cocaine solution reacted very differently from the leg that had been immersed in saltwater. Karl Koller a close associate of Sigmund Freud , who would write about cocaine later experimented with cocaine for ophthalmic usage. In an infamous experiment in , he experimented upon himself by applying a cocaine solution to his own eye and then pricking it with pins.
His findings were presented to the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society. Also in , Jellinek demonstrated the effects of cocaine as a respiratory system anesthetic. In , William Halsted demonstrated nerve-block anesthesia, [] and James Leonard Corning demonstrated peridural anesthesia. In , an Italian doctor , Paolo Mantegazza , returned from Peru , where he had witnessed first-hand the use of coca by the local indigenous peoples.
He proceeded to experiment on himself and upon his return to Milan , he wrote a paper in which he described the effects. In this paper, he declared coca and cocaine at the time they were assumed to be the same as being useful medicinally, in the treatment of “a furred tongue in the morning, flatulence , and whitening of the teeth.
A chemist named Angelo Mariani who read Mantegazza’s paper became immediately intrigued with coca and its economic potential. In , Mariani started marketing a wine called Vin Mariani , which had been treated with coca leaves, to become coca wine.
The ethanol in wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the drink’s effect. It contained 6 mg cocaine per ounce of wine, but Vin Mariani which was to be exported contained 7.
A “pinch of coca leaves” was included in John Styth Pemberton ‘s original recipe for Coca-Cola , though the company began using decocainized leaves in when the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed. In cocaine began to be used to treat morphine addiction. Exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which in no way differs from the normal euphoria of the healthy person.
You perceive an increase of self-control and possess more vitality and capacity for work. In other words, you are simply normal, and it is soon hard to believe you are under the influence of any drug. Long intensive physical work is performed without any fatigue. This result is enjoyed without any of the unpleasant after-effects that follow exhilaration brought about by alcoholic beverages. No craving for the further use of cocaine appears after the first, or even after repeated taking of the drug.
By the U. By the late Victorian era , cocaine use had appeared as a vice in literature. For example, it was injected by Arthur Conan Doyle ‘s fictional Sherlock Holmes , generally to offset the boredom he felt when he was not working on a case. In early 20th-century Memphis, Tennessee , cocaine was sold in neighborhood drugstores on Beale Street , costing five or ten cents for a small boxful.
Stevedores along the Mississippi River used the drug as a stimulant, and white employers encouraged its use by black laborers.
In the song ” Minnie the Moocher “, Cab Calloway heavily references cocaine use. He uses the phrase “kicking the gong around”, slang for cocaine use; describes titular character Minnie as “tall and skinny;” and describes Smokey Joe as “cokey”. During the mids, amidst World War II, cocaine was considered for inclusion as an ingredient of a future generation of ‘pep pills’ for the German military, code named D-IX.
In modern popular culture, references to cocaine are common. The drug has a glamorous image associated with the wealthy, famous and powerful, and is said to make users “feel rich and beautiful”. In many countries, cocaine is a popular recreational drug. In the United States, the development of “crack” cocaine introduced the substance to a generally poorer inner-city market.
The use of the powder form has stayed relatively constant, experiencing a new height of use during the late s and early s in the U. Cocaine use is prevalent across all socioeconomic strata, including age, demographics, economic, social, political, religious, and livelihood. The estimated U. An American representative in the World Health Assembly banned the publication of the study, because it seemed to make a case for the positive uses of cocaine. An excerpt of the report strongly conflicted with accepted paradigms, for example, “that occasional cocaine use does not typically lead to severe or even minor physical or social problems.
This led to the decision to discontinue publication. A part of the study was recuperated and published in , including profiles of cocaine use in 20 countries, but are unavailable as of [update].
In October it was reported that the use of cocaine in Australia has doubled since monitoring began in A problem with illegal cocaine use, especially in the higher volumes used to combat fatigue rather than increase euphoria by long-term users, is the risk of ill effects or damage caused by the compounds used in adulteration. The normal adulterants for profit are inactive sugars, usually mannitol, creatine, or glucose, so introducing active adulterants gives the illusion of purity and to ‘stretch’ or make it so a dealer can sell more product than without the adulterants.
The production, distribution, and sale of cocaine products is restricted and illegal in most contexts in most countries as regulated by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs , and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. In the United States the manufacture, importation, possession, and distribution of cocaine are additionally regulated by the Controlled Substances Act.
Some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia, permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local indigenous population , but nevertheless, prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of cocaine. The US federal government instituted a national labeling requirement for cocaine and cocaine-containing products through the Pure Food and Drug Act of While this act is often seen as the start of prohibition, the act itself was not actually a prohibition on cocaine, but instead set up a regulatory and licensing regime.
Before the early s, the primary problem caused by cocaine use was portrayed by newspapers to be addiction, not violence or crime, and the cocaine user was represented as an upper- or middle-class White person. In , according to the United Nations , tonnes of cocaine were seized globally by law enforcement authorities.
Colombia seized t, the United States t, Europe 79 t, Peru 14 t, Bolivia 9 t, and the rest of the world t. Colombia is as of the world’s largest cocaine producer, with production more than tripling since This, combined with crop reductions in Bolivia and Peru, made Colombia the nation with the largest area of coca under cultivation after the mids.
Coca grown for traditional purposes by indigenous communities, a use which is still present and is permitted by Colombian laws, only makes up a small fragment of total coca production, most of which is used for the illegal drug trade. An interview with a coca farmer published in described a mode of production by acid-base extraction that has changed little since Roughly pounds kg of leaves were harvested per hectare , six times per year. The leaves were dried for half a day, then chopped into small pieces with a string trimmer and sprinkled with a small amount of powdered cement replacing sodium carbonate from former times.
Several hundred pounds of this mixture were soaked in 50 US gallons L of gasoline for a day, then the gasoline was removed and the leaves were pressed for the remaining liquid, after which they could be discarded. Then battery acid weak sulfuric acid was used, one bucket per 55 lb 25 kg of leaves, to create a phase separation in which the cocaine free base in the gasoline was acidified and extracted into a few buckets of “murky-looking smelly liquid”.
Once powdered caustic soda was added to this, the cocaine precipitated and could be removed by filtration through a cloth. The resulting material, when dried, was termed pasta and sold by the farmer. The pound yearly harvest of leaves from a hectare produced 6 lb 2. Repeated recrystallization from solvents, producing pasta lavada and eventually crystalline cocaine were performed at specialized laboratories after the sale.
Attempts to eradicate coca fields through the use of defoliants have devastated part of the farming economy in some coca-growing regions of Colombia, and strains appear to have been developed that are more resistant or immune to their use.
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Since there is no synchronization with the Universal Time, the activation period may be extended. Forget about Adobe support service. In case you need professional guidance, you can always apply for guaranteed qualified help online by filling out the application form.
You can become a member of the Adobe Support Community and look for answers to your questions or competent help on the forum. No motivation to develop. By purchasing original software from the developer, you make a financial contribution to the further improvement of this product and the development of a new one.
The more people intentionally opt for a licensed soft, the more reasonable the price is. Follow the rules of fair trade instead of looking for Adobe Creative Cloud torrent.
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Cocaine was ranked the 2nd in dependence and physical harm and 3rd in social harm. Acute exposure to cocaine has many effects on humans, including euphoria, increases in heart rate and blood pressure, and increases in cortisol secretion from the adrenal gland. Aggressive behavior may be displayed by both addicts and casual users.
Cocaine can induce psychosis characterized by paranoia, impaired reality testing , hallucinations , irritability, and physical aggression. Cocaine intoxication can cause hyperawareness, hypervigilance , and psychomotor agitation and delirium.
Consumption of large doses of cocaine can cause violent outbursts, especially by those with preexisting psychosis. Crack-related violence is also systemic, relating to disputes between crack dealers and users. Acute exposure may also lead to angina , heart attack , and congestive heart failure. With excessive dosage, tremors, convulsions and increased body temperature are observed. Although it has been commonly asserted, the available evidence does not show that chronic use of cocaine is associated with broad cognitive deficits.
Physical side effects from chronic smoking of cocaine include coughing up blood , bronchospasm , itching , fever , diffuse alveolar infiltrates without effusions, pulmonary and systemic eosinophilia , chest pain, lung trauma, sore throat, asthma , hoarse voice, dyspnea shortness of breath , and an aching, flu -like syndrome. Cocaine constricts blood vessels , dilates pupils , and increases body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. It can also cause headaches and gastrointestinal complications such as abdominal pain and nausea.
A common but untrue belief is that the smoking of cocaine chemically breaks down tooth enamel and causes tooth decay. Cocaine can cause involuntary tooth grinding, known as bruxism , which can deteriorate tooth enamel and lead to gingivitis.
Since saliva is an important mechanism in maintaining one’s oral pH level, people who use cocaine over a long period of time who do not hydrate sufficiently may experience demineralization of their teeth due to the pH of the tooth surface dropping too low below 5. Cocaine use also promotes the formation of blood clots.
Chronic intranasal usage can degrade the cartilage separating the nostrils the septum nasi , leading eventually to its complete disappearance. Due to the absorption of the cocaine from cocaine hydrochloride, the remaining hydrochloride forms a dilute hydrochloric acid.
Illicitly-sold cocaine may be contaminated with levamisole. Cocaine use leads to an increased risk of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes. This change can be identified rather quickly, and may be sustained weeks after the last dose of the drug.
DNA damage is increased in the brain of rodents by administration of cocaine. Cocaine dependence develops after even brief periods of regular cocaine use [92] and produces a withdrawal state with emotional-motivational deficits upon cessation of cocaine use. Crack baby is a term for a child born to a mother who used crack cocaine during her pregnancy. The threat that cocaine use during pregnancy poses to the fetus is now considered exaggerated.
Many recall that “crack babies”, or babies born to mothers who used crack cocaine while pregnant, were at one time written off by many as a lost generation. They were predicted to suffer from severe, irreversible damage, including reduced intelligence and social skills.
It was later found that this was a gross exaggeration. However, the fact that most of these children appear normal should not be over-interpreted as indicating that there is no cause for concern. Using sophisticated technologies, scientists are now finding that exposure to cocaine during fetal development may lead to subtle, yet significant, later deficits in some children, including deficits in some aspects of cognitive performance, information-processing, and attention to tasks—abilities that are important for success in school.
There are also warnings about the threat of breastfeeding : The March of Dimes said “it is likely that cocaine will reach the baby through breast milk,” and advises the following regarding cocaine use during pregnancy:. Cocaine use during pregnancy can affect a pregnant woman and her unborn baby in many ways. During the early months of pregnancy, it may increase the risk of miscarriage.
Later in pregnancy, it can trigger preterm labor labor that occurs before 37 weeks of pregnancy or cause the baby to grow poorly. As a result, cocaine-exposed babies are more likely than unexposed babies to be born with low birth weight less than 5.
Low-birthweight babies are 20 times more likely to die in their first month of life than normal-weight babies, and face an increased risk of lifelong disabilities such as mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Cocaine-exposed babies also tend to have smaller heads, which generally reflect smaller brains.
Some studies suggest that cocaine-exposed babies are at increased risk of birth defects, including urinary tract defects and, possibly, heart defects. Cocaine also may cause an unborn baby to have a stroke, irreversible brain damage, or a heart attack. Persons with regular or problematic use of cocaine have a significantly higher rate of death, and are specifically at higher risk of traumatic deaths and deaths attributable to infectious disease.
The extent of absorption of cocaine into the systemic circulation after nasal insufflation is similar to that after oral ingestion. The rate of absorption after nasal insufflation is somewhat limited by cocaine-induced vasoconstriction of capillaries in the nasal mucosa. The onset of absorption after oral ingestion is delayed because cocaine is a weak base with a pKa of 8.
The delay in absorption after oral ingestion may account for the popular belief that cocaine bioavailability from the stomach is lower than after insufflation. Compared to ingestion, the faster absorption of insufflated cocaine results in quicker attainment of maximum drug effects. Snorting cocaine produces maximum physiological effects within 40 minutes and maximum psychotropic effects within 20 minutes.
Physiological and psychotropic effects from nasally insufflated cocaine are sustained for approximately 40—60 minutes after the peak effects are attained.
Cocaine has a short elimination half life of 0. Depending on liver and kidney function, cocaine metabolites are detectable in urine.
Detection of cocaine metabolites in hair is possible in regular users until the sections of hair grown during use are cut or fall out. Dopamine neurotransmitter released during neural signaling is normally recycled via the transporter; i.
Cocaine binds tightly at the dopamine transporter forming a complex that blocks the transporter’s function. The dopamine transporter can no longer perform its reuptake function, and thus dopamine accumulates in the synaptic cleft. The increased concentration of dopamine in the synapse activates post-synaptic dopamine receptors, which makes the drug rewarding and promotes the compulsive use of cocaine.
Cocaine affects certain serotonin 5-HT receptors; in particular, it has been shown to antagonize the 5-HT3 receptor , which is a ligand-gated ion channel. An overabundance of 5-HT3 receptors is reported in cocaine-conditioned rats, though 5-HT3’s role is unclear.
Cocaine has been demonstrated to bind as to directly stabilize the DAT transporter on the open outward-facing conformation. Further, cocaine binds in such a way as to inhibit a hydrogen bond innate to DAT. Cocaine’s binding properties are such that it attaches so this hydrogen bond will not form and is blocked from formation due to the tightly locked orientation of the cocaine molecule.
Research studies have suggested that the affinity for the transporter is not what is involved in the habituation of the substance so much as the conformation and binding properties to where and how on the transporter the molecule binds.
Sigma receptors are affected by cocaine, as cocaine functions as a sigma ligand agonist. Cocaine also blocks sodium channels , thereby interfering with the propagation of action potentials ; [] [71] thus, like lignocaine and novocaine , it acts as a local anesthetic.
It also functions on the binding sites to the dopamine and serotonin sodium dependent transport area as targets as separate mechanisms from its reuptake of those transporters; unique to its local anesthetic value which makes it in a class of functionality different from both its own derived phenyltropanes analogues which have that removed. In addition to this, cocaine has some target binding to the site of the Kappa-opioid receptor. Recent research points to an important role of circadian mechanisms [] and clock genes [] in behavioral actions of cocaine.
Cocaine effects, further, are shown to be potentiated for the user when used in conjunction with new surroundings and stimuli, and otherwise novel environs.
Cocaine in its purest form is a white, pearly product. Cocaine appearing in powder form is a salt , typically cocaine hydrochloride. Street cocaine is often adulterated or “cut” with talc , lactose , sucrose , glucose , mannitol , inositol , caffeine , procaine , phencyclidine , phenytoin , lignocaine , strychnine , levamisole , amphetamine , or heroin.
The color of “crack” cocaine depends upon several factors including the origin of the cocaine used, the method of preparation — with ammonia or baking soda — and the presence of impurities. It will generally range from white to a yellowish cream to a light brown. Its texture will also depend on the adulterants, origin, and processing of the powdered cocaine, and the method of converting the base.
It ranges from a crumbly texture, sometimes extremely oily, to a hard, almost crystalline nature. Cocaine — a tropane alkaloid — is a weakly alkaline compound, and can therefore combine with acidic compounds to form salts.
Different salts dissolve to a greater or lesser extent in various solvents — the hydrochloride salt is polar in character and is quite soluble in water. As the name implies, “freebase” is the base form of cocaine, as opposed to the salt form. It is practically insoluble in water whereas hydrochloride salt is water-soluble.
Smoking freebase cocaine has the additional effect of releasing methylecgonidine into the user’s system due to the pyrolysis of the substance a side effect which insufflating or injecting powder cocaine does not create. Some research suggests that smoking freebase cocaine can be even more cardiotoxic than other routes of administration [] because of methylecgonidine’s effects on lung tissue [] and liver tissue.
Pure cocaine is prepared by neutralizing its compounding salt with an alkaline solution, which will precipitate non-polar basic cocaine. It is further refined through aqueous-solvent liquid—liquid extraction. Crack is usually smoked in a glass pipe, and once inhaled, it passes from the lungs directly to the central nervous system , producing an almost immediate “high” that can be very powerful — this initial crescendo of stimulation is known as a “rush”.
This is followed by an equally intense low, leaving the user craving more drug. Addiction to crack usually occurs with four to six weeks; much more rapidly than with regular cocaine. This effectively destroys some of the cocaine and yields a sharp, acrid, and foul-tasting smoke. The origin of the name “crack” comes from the “crackling” sound and hence the onomatopoeic moniker “crack” that is produced when the cocaine and its impurities i. Coca herbal infusion also referred to as coca tea is used in coca-leaf producing countries much as any herbal medicinal infusion would elsewhere in the world.
The free and legal commercialization of dried coca leaves under the form of filtration bags to be used as “coca tea” has been actively promoted by the governments of Peru and Bolivia for many years as a drink having medicinal powers. In Peru, the National Coca Company , a state-run corporation, sells cocaine-infused teas and other medicinal products and also exports leaves to the U.
Visitors to the city of Cuzco in Peru, and La Paz in Bolivia are greeted with the offering of coca leaf infusions prepared in teapots with whole coca leaves purportedly to help the newly arrived traveler overcome the malaise of high altitude sickness. One study on coca leaf infusion used with counseling in the treatment of 23 addicted coca-paste smokers in Lima , Peru found that the relapses rate fell from 4. The duration of abstinence increased from an average of 32 days before treatment to This suggests that coca leaf infusion plus counseling may be effective at preventing relapse during cocaine addiction treatment.
There is little information on the pharmacological and toxicological effects of consuming coca tea. Urine specimens were also analyzed from an individual who consumed one cup of coca tea and it was determined that enough cocaine and cocaine-related metabolites were present to produce a positive drug test. Since then, Robert Robinson and Edward Leete have made significant contributions to the mechanism of the synthesis. The second addition occurs through a Claisen condensation.
This produces a racemic mixture of the 2-substituted pyrrolidine, with the retention of the thioester from the Claisen condensation. In formation of tropinone from racemic ethyl [2,C 2 ] 4 Nmethylpyrrolidinyl oxobutanoate there is no preference for either stereoisomer. The stereoselectivity of this reaction was further investigated through study of prochiral methylene hydrogen discrimination. The benzoyl moiety required for the formation of the cocaine diester is synthesized from phenylalanine via cinnamic acid.
The biosynthesis begins with L- Glutamine , which is derived to L- ornithine in plants. The major contribution of L-ornithine and L- arginine as a precursor to the tropane ring was confirmed by Edward Leete.
In some animals, the urea cycle derives putrescine from ornithine. L-ornithine is converted to L-arginine, [] which is then decarboxylated via PLP to form agmatine. Hydrolysis of the imine derives N -carbamoylputrescine followed with hydrolysis of the urea to form putrescine. The separate pathways of converting ornithine to putrescine in plants and animals have converged.
A SAM-dependent N -methylation of putrescine gives the N -methylputrescine product, which then undergoes oxidative deamination by the action of diamine oxidase to yield the aminoaldehyde. The biosynthesis of the tropane alkaloid is still not understood. Hemscheidt proposes that Robinson’s acetonedicarboxylate emerges as a potential intermediate for this reaction.
Decarboxylation leads to tropane alkaloid formation. The reduction of tropinone is mediated by NADPH -dependent reductase enzymes, which have been characterized in multiple plant species. Cocaine and its major metabolites may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to monitor for use, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or sudden death.
Most commercial cocaine immunoassay screening tests cross-react appreciably with the major cocaine metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and separately measure each of these substances. When interpreting the results of a test, it is important to consider the cocaine usage history of the individual, since a chronic user can develop tolerance to doses that would incapacitate a cocaine-naive individual, and the chronic user often has high baseline values of the metabolites in his system.
Cautious interpretation of testing results may allow a distinction between passive or active usage, and between smoking versus other routes of administration. Cocaine may be detected by law enforcement using the Scott reagent. The test can easily generate false positives for common substances and must be confirmed with a laboratory test. The shade of brown shown by the chloroform is proportional to the cocaine content.
This test is not cross sensitive to heroin, methamphetamine, benzocaine, procaine and a number of other drugs but other chemicals could cause false positives. According to a United Nations report, England and Wales are the countries with the highest rate of cocaine usage 2.
Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in Europe behind cannabis. Since the mids, overall cocaine usage in Europe has been on the rise, but usage rates and attitudes tend to vary between countries. Approximately 17 million Europeans 5. About 1. The ratio of male to female users is approximately 3. In London had the highest amount of cocaine in its sewage out of 50 European cities.
Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in the United States behind cannabis [] and the U. In the s and s, the drug became particularly popular in the disco culture as cocaine usage was very common and popular in many discos such as Studio Treatment with contingency management , such as providing vouchers for retail items contingent upon objectively-verified abstinence from recent drug use, has been shown in randomized clinical trials to significantly reduce the likelihood of having a positive test for the presence of cocaine.
TA-CD is an active vaccine [] developed by the Xenova Group which is used to negate the effects of cocaine, making it suitable for use in treatment of addiction. It is created by combining norcocaine with inactivated cholera toxin. Indigenous peoples of South America have chewed the leaves of Erythroxylon coca — a plant that contains vital nutrients as well as numerous alkaloids , including cocaine — for over a thousand years.
The remains of coca leaves have been found with ancient Peruvian mummies, and pottery from the time period depicts humans with bulged cheeks, indicating the presence of something on which they are chewing. When the Spanish arrived in South America , the conquistadors at first banned coca as an “evil agent of devil”. When they wished to make themselves drunk and out of judgment they chewed a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves which make them go as they were out of their wittes.
In , Padre Blas Valera wrote:. Coca protects the body from many ailments, and our doctors use it in powdered form to reduce the swelling of wounds, to strengthen broken bones, to expel cold from the body or prevent it from entering, and to cure rotten wounds or sores that are full of maggots. And if it does so much for outward ailments, will not its singular virtue have even greater effect in the entrails of those who eat it?
Although the stimulant and hunger-suppressant properties of coca had been known for many centuries, the isolation of the cocaine alkaloid was not achieved until Various European scientists had attempted to isolate cocaine, but none had been successful for two reasons: the knowledge of chemistry required was insufficient at the time, and contemporary conditions of sea-shipping from South America could degrade the cocaine in the plant samples available to European chemists.
The cocaine alkaloid was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke in Gaedcke named the alkaloid “erythroxyline”, and published a description in the journal Archiv der Pharmazie. Carl Scherzer , a scientist aboard the Novara an Austrian frigate sent by Emperor Franz Joseph to circle the globe , to bring him a large amount of coca leaves from South America.
He wrote of the alkaloid’s “colourless transparent prisms” and said that “Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue. Because of the former use of cocaine as a local anesthetic , a suffix “-caine” was later extracted and used to form names of synthetic local anesthetics. With the discovery of this new alkaloid, Western medicine was quick to exploit the possible uses of this plant.
He prepared two separate jars, one containing a cocaine-salt solution, with the other containing merely saltwater. He then submerged a frog’s legs into the two jars, one leg in the treatment and one in the control solution, and proceeded to stimulate the legs in several different ways. The leg that had been immersed in the cocaine solution reacted very differently from the leg that had been immersed in saltwater. Karl Koller a close associate of Sigmund Freud , who would write about cocaine later experimented with cocaine for ophthalmic usage.
In an infamous experiment in , he experimented upon himself by applying a cocaine solution to his own eye and then pricking it with pins. His findings were presented to the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society. Also in , Jellinek demonstrated the effects of cocaine as a respiratory system anesthetic.
In , William Halsted demonstrated nerve-block anesthesia, [] and James Leonard Corning demonstrated peridural anesthesia. In , an Italian doctor , Paolo Mantegazza , returned from Peru , where he had witnessed first-hand the use of coca by the local indigenous peoples.
He proceeded to experiment on himself and upon his return to Milan , he wrote a paper in which he described the effects. In this paper, he declared coca and cocaine at the time they were assumed to be the same as being useful medicinally, in the treatment of “a furred tongue in the morning, flatulence , and whitening of the teeth.
A chemist named Angelo Mariani who read Mantegazza’s paper became immediately intrigued with coca and its economic potential. In , Mariani started marketing a wine called Vin Mariani , which had been treated with coca leaves, to become coca wine. The ethanol in wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the drink’s effect.
It contained 6 mg cocaine per ounce of wine, but Vin Mariani which was to be exported contained 7. A “pinch of coca leaves” was included in John Styth Pemberton ‘s original recipe for Coca-Cola , though the company began using decocainized leaves in when the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed. In cocaine began to be used to treat morphine addiction.
Exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which in no way differs from the normal euphoria of the healthy person. You perceive an increase of self-control and possess more vitality and capacity for work.
In other words, you are simply normal, and it is soon hard to believe you are under the influence of any drug. Long intensive physical work is performed without any fatigue. This result is enjoyed without any of the unpleasant after-effects that follow exhilaration brought about by alcoholic beverages.
No craving for the further use of cocaine appears after the first, or even after repeated taking of the drug. By the U. By the late Victorian era , cocaine use had appeared as a vice in literature. For example, it was injected by Arthur Conan Doyle ‘s fictional Sherlock Holmes , generally to offset the boredom he felt when he was not working on a case. In early 20th-century Memphis, Tennessee , cocaine was sold in neighborhood drugstores on Beale Street , costing five or ten cents for a small boxful.
Stevedores along the Mississippi River used the drug as a stimulant, and white employers encouraged its use by black laborers. In the song ” Minnie the Moocher “, Cab Calloway heavily references cocaine use. He uses the phrase “kicking the gong around”, slang for cocaine use; describes titular character Minnie as “tall and skinny;” and describes Smokey Joe as “cokey”.
During the mids, amidst World War II, cocaine was considered for inclusion as an ingredient of a future generation of ‘pep pills’ for the German military, code named D-IX. In modern popular culture, references to cocaine are common. The drug has a glamorous image associated with the wealthy, famous and powerful, and is said to make users “feel rich and beautiful”. In many countries, cocaine is a popular recreational drug.
In the United States, the development of “crack” cocaine introduced the substance to a generally poorer inner-city market. The use of the powder form has stayed relatively constant, experiencing a new height of use during the late s and early s in the U. Cocaine use is prevalent across all socioeconomic strata, including age, demographics, economic, social, political, religious, and livelihood. The estimated U. An American representative in the World Health Assembly banned the publication of the study, because it seemed to make a case for the positive uses of cocaine.
An excerpt of the report strongly conflicted with accepted paradigms, for example, “that occasional cocaine use does not typically lead to severe or even minor physical or social problems. This led to the decision to discontinue publication. A part of the study was recuperated and published in , including profiles of cocaine use in 20 countries, but are unavailable as of [update].
In October it was reported that the use of cocaine in Australia has doubled since monitoring began in A problem with illegal cocaine use, especially in the higher volumes used to combat fatigue rather than increase euphoria by long-term users, is the risk of ill effects or damage caused by the compounds used in adulteration.
The normal adulterants for profit are inactive sugars, usually mannitol, creatine, or glucose, so introducing active adulterants gives the illusion of purity and to ‘stretch’ or make it so a dealer can sell more product than without the adulterants. The production, distribution, and sale of cocaine products is restricted and illegal in most contexts in most countries as regulated by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs , and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
In the United States the manufacture, importation, possession, and distribution of cocaine are additionally regulated by the Controlled Substances Act.
Some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia, permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local indigenous population , but nevertheless, prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of cocaine. The US federal government instituted a national labeling requirement for cocaine and cocaine-containing products through the Pure Food and Drug Act of While this act is often seen as the start of prohibition, the act itself was not actually a prohibition on cocaine, but instead set up a regulatory and licensing regime.
Before the early s, the primary problem caused by cocaine use was portrayed by newspapers to be addiction, not violence or crime, and the cocaine user was represented as an upper- or middle-class White person. In , according to the United Nations , tonnes of cocaine were seized globally by law enforcement authorities. Colombia seized t, the United States t, Europe 79 t, Peru 14 t, Bolivia 9 t, and the rest of the world t.
Some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia, permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local indigenous population , but nevertheless, prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of cocaine. The US federal government instituted a national labeling requirement for cocaine and cocaine-containing products through the Pure Food and Drug Act of While this act is often seen as the start of prohibition, the act itself was not actually a prohibition on cocaine, but instead set up a regulatory and licensing regime.
Before the early s, the primary problem caused by cocaine use was portrayed by newspapers to be addiction, not violence or crime, and the cocaine user was represented as an upper- or middle-class White person. In , according to the United Nations , tonnes of cocaine were seized globally by law enforcement authorities. Colombia seized t, the United States t, Europe 79 t, Peru 14 t, Bolivia 9 t, and the rest of the world t. Colombia is as of the world’s largest cocaine producer, with production more than tripling since This, combined with crop reductions in Bolivia and Peru, made Colombia the nation with the largest area of coca under cultivation after the mids.
Coca grown for traditional purposes by indigenous communities, a use which is still present and is permitted by Colombian laws, only makes up a small fragment of total coca production, most of which is used for the illegal drug trade. An interview with a coca farmer published in described a mode of production by acid-base extraction that has changed little since Roughly pounds kg of leaves were harvested per hectare , six times per year.
The leaves were dried for half a day, then chopped into small pieces with a string trimmer and sprinkled with a small amount of powdered cement replacing sodium carbonate from former times. Several hundred pounds of this mixture were soaked in 50 US gallons L of gasoline for a day, then the gasoline was removed and the leaves were pressed for the remaining liquid, after which they could be discarded.
Then battery acid weak sulfuric acid was used, one bucket per 55 lb 25 kg of leaves, to create a phase separation in which the cocaine free base in the gasoline was acidified and extracted into a few buckets of “murky-looking smelly liquid”.
Once powdered caustic soda was added to this, the cocaine precipitated and could be removed by filtration through a cloth. The resulting material, when dried, was termed pasta and sold by the farmer. The pound yearly harvest of leaves from a hectare produced 6 lb 2. Repeated recrystallization from solvents, producing pasta lavada and eventually crystalline cocaine were performed at specialized laboratories after the sale.
Attempts to eradicate coca fields through the use of defoliants have devastated part of the farming economy in some coca-growing regions of Colombia, and strains appear to have been developed that are more resistant or immune to their use. Whether these strains are natural mutations or the product of human tampering is unclear. These strains have also shown to be more potent than those previously grown, increasing profits for the drug cartels responsible for the exporting of cocaine.
Although production fell temporarily, coca crops rebounded in numerous smaller fields in Colombia, rather than the larger plantations. The cultivation of coca has become an attractive economic decision for many growers due to the combination of several factors, including the lack of other employment alternatives, the lower profitability of alternative crops in official crop substitution programs, the eradication-related damages to non-drug farms, the spread of new strains of the coca plant due to persistent worldwide demand.
The latest estimate provided by the U. As of the end of , the seizure operations of Colombian cocaine carried out in different countries have totaled Department of State’s estimates. Synthesizing cocaine could eliminate the high visibility and low reliability of offshore sources and international smuggling, replacing them with clandestine domestic laboratories, as are common for illicit methamphetamine , but is rarely done.
Natural cocaine remains the lowest cost and highest quality supply of cocaine. Formation of inactive stereoisomers cocaine has four chiral centres — 1 R 2 R , 3 S , and 5 S , two of them dependent, hence eight possible stereoisomers plus synthetic by-products limits the yield and purity.
Organized criminal gangs operating on a large scale dominate the cocaine trade. The primary cocaine importation points in the United States have been in Arizona , southern California , southern Florida , and Texas. Typically, land vehicles are driven across the U.
Sixty-five percent of cocaine enters the United States through Mexico, and the vast majority of the rest enters through Florida. Cocaine traffickers from Colombia and Mexico have established a labyrinth of smuggling routes throughout the Caribbean, the Bahama Island chain, and South Florida. They often hire traffickers from Mexico or the Dominican Republic to transport the drug using a variety of smuggling techniques to U. These include airdrops of to kg 1, to 1, lb in the Bahama Islands or off the coast of Puerto Rico , mid-ocean boat-to-boat transfers of to 2, kg 1, to 4, lb , and the commercial shipment of tonnes of cocaine through the port of Miami.
Another route of cocaine traffic goes through Chile, which is primarily used for cocaine produced in Bolivia since the nearest seaports lie in northern Chile.
While the price of cocaine is higher in Chile than in Peru and Bolivia, the final destination is usually Europe, especially Spain where drug dealing networks exist among South American immigrants.
Cocaine is also carried in small, concealed, kilogram quantities across the border by couriers known as ” mules ” or “mulas” , who cross a border either legally, for example, through a port or airport, or illegally elsewhere. The drugs may be strapped to the waist or legs or hidden in bags, or hidden in the body. If the mule gets through without being caught, the gangs will reap most of the profits. If caught, gangs will sever all links and the mule will usually stand trial for trafficking alone.
Bulk cargo ships are also used to smuggle cocaine to staging sites in the western Caribbean— Gulf of Mexico area. These vessels are typically —foot 50—80 m coastal freighters that carry an average cocaine load of approximately 2. Commercial fishing vessels are also used for smuggling operations. In areas with a high volume of recreational traffic, smugglers use the same types of vessels, such as go-fast boats , like those used by the local populations.
Sophisticated drug subs are the latest tool drug runners are using to bring cocaine north from Colombia, it was reported on 20 March Although the vessels were once viewed as a quirky sideshow in the drug war, they are becoming faster, more seaworthy, and capable of carrying bigger loads of drugs than earlier models, according to those charged with catching them.
Cocaine is readily available in all major countries’ metropolitan areas. According to the Summer Pulse Check , published by the U. In the West, cocaine usage was lower, which was thought to be due to a switch to methamphetamine among some users; methamphetamine is cheaper, three and a half times more powerful, and lasts 12—24 times longer with each dose.
These amounts and prices are very popular among young people because they are inexpensive and easily concealed on one’s body. Quality and price can vary dramatically depending on supply and demand, and on geographic region.
Between and , the value of the market remained basically stable”. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Tropane alkaloid and stimulant drug. For other uses, see Cocaine disambiguation. US DailyMed : Cocaine.
IUPAC name. Methyl 1 R ,2 R ,3 S ,5 S benzoyloxy methylazabicyclo[3. DB Y. D Y. Interactive image. See also: Crack cocaine. Main article: Cocaine intoxication. See also: Epigenetics of cocaine addiction.
Main article: Prenatal cocaine exposure. Main article: Freebase chemistry. Main article: Crack cocaine. Main article: Biosynthesis of cocaine. Main article: List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use.
Main article: Cocaine in the United States. Main article: Legal status of cocaine. See also: Cocaine in the United States. Medicine portal.
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These Mexican poly-drug organizations traffic heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, and marijuana throughout the United States, using established transportation routes and distribution networks. While all of these Mexican TCOs transport wholesale quantities of illicit drugs into the United States, the Sinaloa Cartel appears to be the most active supplier. The Sinaloa Cartel leverages its expansive resources and dominance in Mexico to facilitate the smuggling and transportation of drugs throughout the United States.
Archived from the original on 21 March Retrieved 20 March Archived from the original on 27 March City of Denison Iowa. Archived from the original on 6 November ACD Systems offers optimized photo and video management and organization capabilities, advanced editing tools, and flexible sharing options. Canva is a photo and publication editor as well as a cloud service for creating web projects, blogs: graphics, presentations, content for Instagram, covers for Facebook, etc.
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Cocaine appearing in powder form is a salt , typically cocaine hydrochloride. Street cocaine is often adulterated or “cut” with talc , lactose , sucrose , glucose , mannitol , inositol , caffeine , procaine , phencyclidine , phenytoin , lignocaine , strychnine , levamisole , amphetamine , or heroin. The color of “crack” cocaine depends upon several factors including the origin of the cocaine used, the method of preparation — with ammonia or baking soda — and the presence of impurities.
It will generally range from white to a yellowish cream to a light brown. Its texture will also depend on the adulterants, origin, and processing of the powdered cocaine, and the method of converting the base. It ranges from a crumbly texture, sometimes extremely oily, to a hard, almost crystalline nature. Cocaine — a tropane alkaloid — is a weakly alkaline compound, and can therefore combine with acidic compounds to form salts.
Different salts dissolve to a greater or lesser extent in various solvents — the hydrochloride salt is polar in character and is quite soluble in water. As the name implies, “freebase” is the base form of cocaine, as opposed to the salt form. It is practically insoluble in water whereas hydrochloride salt is water-soluble. Smoking freebase cocaine has the additional effect of releasing methylecgonidine into the user’s system due to the pyrolysis of the substance a side effect which insufflating or injecting powder cocaine does not create.
Some research suggests that smoking freebase cocaine can be even more cardiotoxic than other routes of administration [] because of methylecgonidine’s effects on lung tissue [] and liver tissue. Pure cocaine is prepared by neutralizing its compounding salt with an alkaline solution, which will precipitate non-polar basic cocaine.
It is further refined through aqueous-solvent liquid—liquid extraction. Crack is usually smoked in a glass pipe, and once inhaled, it passes from the lungs directly to the central nervous system , producing an almost immediate “high” that can be very powerful — this initial crescendo of stimulation is known as a “rush”.
This is followed by an equally intense low, leaving the user craving more drug. Addiction to crack usually occurs with four to six weeks; much more rapidly than with regular cocaine. This effectively destroys some of the cocaine and yields a sharp, acrid, and foul-tasting smoke. The origin of the name “crack” comes from the “crackling” sound and hence the onomatopoeic moniker “crack” that is produced when the cocaine and its impurities i.
Coca herbal infusion also referred to as coca tea is used in coca-leaf producing countries much as any herbal medicinal infusion would elsewhere in the world. The free and legal commercialization of dried coca leaves under the form of filtration bags to be used as “coca tea” has been actively promoted by the governments of Peru and Bolivia for many years as a drink having medicinal powers. In Peru, the National Coca Company , a state-run corporation, sells cocaine-infused teas and other medicinal products and also exports leaves to the U.
Visitors to the city of Cuzco in Peru, and La Paz in Bolivia are greeted with the offering of coca leaf infusions prepared in teapots with whole coca leaves purportedly to help the newly arrived traveler overcome the malaise of high altitude sickness.
One study on coca leaf infusion used with counseling in the treatment of 23 addicted coca-paste smokers in Lima , Peru found that the relapses rate fell from 4. The duration of abstinence increased from an average of 32 days before treatment to This suggests that coca leaf infusion plus counseling may be effective at preventing relapse during cocaine addiction treatment. There is little information on the pharmacological and toxicological effects of consuming coca tea.
Urine specimens were also analyzed from an individual who consumed one cup of coca tea and it was determined that enough cocaine and cocaine-related metabolites were present to produce a positive drug test. Since then, Robert Robinson and Edward Leete have made significant contributions to the mechanism of the synthesis. The second addition occurs through a Claisen condensation.
This produces a racemic mixture of the 2-substituted pyrrolidine, with the retention of the thioester from the Claisen condensation. In formation of tropinone from racemic ethyl [2,C 2 ] 4 Nmethylpyrrolidinyl oxobutanoate there is no preference for either stereoisomer. The stereoselectivity of this reaction was further investigated through study of prochiral methylene hydrogen discrimination. The benzoyl moiety required for the formation of the cocaine diester is synthesized from phenylalanine via cinnamic acid.
The biosynthesis begins with L- Glutamine , which is derived to L- ornithine in plants. The major contribution of L-ornithine and L- arginine as a precursor to the tropane ring was confirmed by Edward Leete.
In some animals, the urea cycle derives putrescine from ornithine. L-ornithine is converted to L-arginine, [] which is then decarboxylated via PLP to form agmatine. Hydrolysis of the imine derives N -carbamoylputrescine followed with hydrolysis of the urea to form putrescine. The separate pathways of converting ornithine to putrescine in plants and animals have converged. A SAM-dependent N -methylation of putrescine gives the N -methylputrescine product, which then undergoes oxidative deamination by the action of diamine oxidase to yield the aminoaldehyde.
The biosynthesis of the tropane alkaloid is still not understood. Hemscheidt proposes that Robinson’s acetonedicarboxylate emerges as a potential intermediate for this reaction. Decarboxylation leads to tropane alkaloid formation. The reduction of tropinone is mediated by NADPH -dependent reductase enzymes, which have been characterized in multiple plant species.
Cocaine and its major metabolites may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to monitor for use, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or sudden death. Most commercial cocaine immunoassay screening tests cross-react appreciably with the major cocaine metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and separately measure each of these substances.
When interpreting the results of a test, it is important to consider the cocaine usage history of the individual, since a chronic user can develop tolerance to doses that would incapacitate a cocaine-naive individual, and the chronic user often has high baseline values of the metabolites in his system. Cautious interpretation of testing results may allow a distinction between passive or active usage, and between smoking versus other routes of administration.
Cocaine may be detected by law enforcement using the Scott reagent. The test can easily generate false positives for common substances and must be confirmed with a laboratory test.
The shade of brown shown by the chloroform is proportional to the cocaine content. This test is not cross sensitive to heroin, methamphetamine, benzocaine, procaine and a number of other drugs but other chemicals could cause false positives.
According to a United Nations report, England and Wales are the countries with the highest rate of cocaine usage 2. Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in Europe behind cannabis. Since the mids, overall cocaine usage in Europe has been on the rise, but usage rates and attitudes tend to vary between countries. Approximately 17 million Europeans 5. About 1. The ratio of male to female users is approximately 3.
In London had the highest amount of cocaine in its sewage out of 50 European cities. Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in the United States behind cannabis [] and the U.
In the s and s, the drug became particularly popular in the disco culture as cocaine usage was very common and popular in many discos such as Studio Treatment with contingency management , such as providing vouchers for retail items contingent upon objectively-verified abstinence from recent drug use, has been shown in randomized clinical trials to significantly reduce the likelihood of having a positive test for the presence of cocaine.
TA-CD is an active vaccine [] developed by the Xenova Group which is used to negate the effects of cocaine, making it suitable for use in treatment of addiction.
It is created by combining norcocaine with inactivated cholera toxin. Indigenous peoples of South America have chewed the leaves of Erythroxylon coca — a plant that contains vital nutrients as well as numerous alkaloids , including cocaine — for over a thousand years. The remains of coca leaves have been found with ancient Peruvian mummies, and pottery from the time period depicts humans with bulged cheeks, indicating the presence of something on which they are chewing.
When the Spanish arrived in South America , the conquistadors at first banned coca as an “evil agent of devil”. When they wished to make themselves drunk and out of judgment they chewed a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves which make them go as they were out of their wittes. In , Padre Blas Valera wrote:.
Coca protects the body from many ailments, and our doctors use it in powdered form to reduce the swelling of wounds, to strengthen broken bones, to expel cold from the body or prevent it from entering, and to cure rotten wounds or sores that are full of maggots. And if it does so much for outward ailments, will not its singular virtue have even greater effect in the entrails of those who eat it?
Although the stimulant and hunger-suppressant properties of coca had been known for many centuries, the isolation of the cocaine alkaloid was not achieved until Various European scientists had attempted to isolate cocaine, but none had been successful for two reasons: the knowledge of chemistry required was insufficient at the time, and contemporary conditions of sea-shipping from South America could degrade the cocaine in the plant samples available to European chemists.
The cocaine alkaloid was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke in Gaedcke named the alkaloid “erythroxyline”, and published a description in the journal Archiv der Pharmazie. Carl Scherzer , a scientist aboard the Novara an Austrian frigate sent by Emperor Franz Joseph to circle the globe , to bring him a large amount of coca leaves from South America.
He wrote of the alkaloid’s “colourless transparent prisms” and said that “Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue. Because of the former use of cocaine as a local anesthetic , a suffix “-caine” was later extracted and used to form names of synthetic local anesthetics. With the discovery of this new alkaloid, Western medicine was quick to exploit the possible uses of this plant.
He prepared two separate jars, one containing a cocaine-salt solution, with the other containing merely saltwater. He then submerged a frog’s legs into the two jars, one leg in the treatment and one in the control solution, and proceeded to stimulate the legs in several different ways.
The leg that had been immersed in the cocaine solution reacted very differently from the leg that had been immersed in saltwater.
Karl Koller a close associate of Sigmund Freud , who would write about cocaine later experimented with cocaine for ophthalmic usage.
In an infamous experiment in , he experimented upon himself by applying a cocaine solution to his own eye and then pricking it with pins.
His findings were presented to the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society. Also in , Jellinek demonstrated the effects of cocaine as a respiratory system anesthetic. In , William Halsted demonstrated nerve-block anesthesia, [] and James Leonard Corning demonstrated peridural anesthesia. In , an Italian doctor , Paolo Mantegazza , returned from Peru , where he had witnessed first-hand the use of coca by the local indigenous peoples. He proceeded to experiment on himself and upon his return to Milan , he wrote a paper in which he described the effects.
In this paper, he declared coca and cocaine at the time they were assumed to be the same as being useful medicinally, in the treatment of “a furred tongue in the morning, flatulence , and whitening of the teeth.
A chemist named Angelo Mariani who read Mantegazza’s paper became immediately intrigued with coca and its economic potential. In , Mariani started marketing a wine called Vin Mariani , which had been treated with coca leaves, to become coca wine. The ethanol in wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the drink’s effect.
It contained 6 mg cocaine per ounce of wine, but Vin Mariani which was to be exported contained 7. A “pinch of coca leaves” was included in John Styth Pemberton ‘s original recipe for Coca-Cola , though the company began using decocainized leaves in when the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed. In cocaine began to be used to treat morphine addiction. Exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which in no way differs from the normal euphoria of the healthy person.
You perceive an increase of self-control and possess more vitality and capacity for work. In other words, you are simply normal, and it is soon hard to believe you are under the influence of any drug. Long intensive physical work is performed without any fatigue. This result is enjoyed without any of the unpleasant after-effects that follow exhilaration brought about by alcoholic beverages. No craving for the further use of cocaine appears after the first, or even after repeated taking of the drug.
By the U. By the late Victorian era , cocaine use had appeared as a vice in literature. For example, it was injected by Arthur Conan Doyle ‘s fictional Sherlock Holmes , generally to offset the boredom he felt when he was not working on a case. In early 20th-century Memphis, Tennessee , cocaine was sold in neighborhood drugstores on Beale Street , costing five or ten cents for a small boxful.
Stevedores along the Mississippi River used the drug as a stimulant, and white employers encouraged its use by black laborers. In the song ” Minnie the Moocher “, Cab Calloway heavily references cocaine use. He uses the phrase “kicking the gong around”, slang for cocaine use; describes titular character Minnie as “tall and skinny;” and describes Smokey Joe as “cokey”.
During the mids, amidst World War II, cocaine was considered for inclusion as an ingredient of a future generation of ‘pep pills’ for the German military, code named D-IX. In modern popular culture, references to cocaine are common. The drug has a glamorous image associated with the wealthy, famous and powerful, and is said to make users “feel rich and beautiful”.
In many countries, cocaine is a popular recreational drug. In the United States, the development of “crack” cocaine introduced the substance to a generally poorer inner-city market. The use of the powder form has stayed relatively constant, experiencing a new height of use during the late s and early s in the U. Cocaine use is prevalent across all socioeconomic strata, including age, demographics, economic, social, political, religious, and livelihood.
The estimated U. An American representative in the World Health Assembly banned the publication of the study, because it seemed to make a case for the positive uses of cocaine.
An excerpt of the report strongly conflicted with accepted paradigms, for example, “that occasional cocaine use does not typically lead to severe or even minor physical or social problems. This led to the decision to discontinue publication. A part of the study was recuperated and published in , including profiles of cocaine use in 20 countries, but are unavailable as of [update].
In October it was reported that the use of cocaine in Australia has doubled since monitoring began in A problem with illegal cocaine use, especially in the higher volumes used to combat fatigue rather than increase euphoria by long-term users, is the risk of ill effects or damage caused by the compounds used in adulteration.
The normal adulterants for profit are inactive sugars, usually mannitol, creatine, or glucose, so introducing active adulterants gives the illusion of purity and to ‘stretch’ or make it so a dealer can sell more product than without the adulterants. The production, distribution, and sale of cocaine products is restricted and illegal in most contexts in most countries as regulated by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs , and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
In the United States the manufacture, importation, possession, and distribution of cocaine are additionally regulated by the Controlled Substances Act. Some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia, permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local indigenous population , but nevertheless, prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of cocaine.
The US federal government instituted a national labeling requirement for cocaine and cocaine-containing products through the Pure Food and Drug Act of While this act is often seen as the start of prohibition, the act itself was not actually a prohibition on cocaine, but instead set up a regulatory and licensing regime. Before the early s, the primary problem caused by cocaine use was portrayed by newspapers to be addiction, not violence or crime, and the cocaine user was represented as an upper- or middle-class White person.
In , according to the United Nations , tonnes of cocaine were seized globally by law enforcement authorities. Colombia seized t, the United States t, Europe 79 t, Peru 14 t, Bolivia 9 t, and the rest of the world t. Colombia is as of the world’s largest cocaine producer, with production more than tripling since This, combined with crop reductions in Bolivia and Peru, made Colombia the nation with the largest area of coca under cultivation after the mids.
Coca grown for traditional purposes by indigenous communities, a use which is still present and is permitted by Colombian laws, only makes up a small fragment of total coca production, most of which is used for the illegal drug trade. An interview with a coca farmer published in described a mode of production by acid-base extraction that has changed little since Roughly pounds kg of leaves were harvested per hectare , six times per year.
The leaves were dried for half a day, then chopped into small pieces with a string trimmer and sprinkled with a small amount of powdered cement replacing sodium carbonate from former times. Several hundred pounds of this mixture were soaked in 50 US gallons L of gasoline for a day, then the gasoline was removed and the leaves were pressed for the remaining liquid, after which they could be discarded.
Then battery acid weak sulfuric acid was used, one bucket per 55 lb 25 kg of leaves, to create a phase separation in which the cocaine free base in the gasoline was acidified and extracted into a few buckets of “murky-looking smelly liquid”. Once powdered caustic soda was added to this, the cocaine precipitated and could be removed by filtration through a cloth. The resulting material, when dried, was termed pasta and sold by the farmer.
The pound yearly harvest of leaves from a hectare produced 6 lb 2. Repeated recrystallization from solvents, producing pasta lavada and eventually crystalline cocaine were performed at specialized laboratories after the sale. Attempts to eradicate coca fields through the use of defoliants have devastated part of the farming economy in some coca-growing regions of Colombia, and strains appear to have been developed that are more resistant or immune to their use.
Whether these strains are natural mutations or the product of human tampering is unclear. These strains have also shown to be more potent than those previously grown, increasing profits for the drug cartels responsible for the exporting of cocaine. Although production fell temporarily, coca crops rebounded in numerous smaller fields in Colombia, rather than the larger plantations. The cultivation of coca has become an attractive economic decision for many growers due to the combination of several factors, including the lack of other employment alternatives, the lower profitability of alternative crops in official crop substitution programs, the eradication-related damages to non-drug farms, the spread of new strains of the coca plant due to persistent worldwide demand.
The latest estimate provided by the U. As of the end of , the seizure operations of Colombian cocaine carried out in different countries have totaled Department of State’s estimates. Synthesizing cocaine could eliminate the high visibility and low reliability of offshore sources and international smuggling, replacing them with clandestine domestic laboratories, as are common for illicit methamphetamine , but is rarely done. Natural cocaine remains the lowest cost and highest quality supply of cocaine.
Formation of inactive stereoisomers cocaine has four chiral centres — 1 R 2 R , 3 S , and 5 S , two of them dependent, hence eight possible stereoisomers plus synthetic by-products limits the yield and purity. Organized criminal gangs operating on a large scale dominate the cocaine trade. The primary cocaine importation points in the United States have been in Arizona , southern California , southern Florida , and Texas.
Typically, land vehicles are driven across the U. Sixty-five percent of cocaine enters the United States through Mexico, and the vast majority of the rest enters through Florida. Cocaine traffickers from Colombia and Mexico have established a labyrinth of smuggling routes throughout the Caribbean, the Bahama Island chain, and South Florida. They often hire traffickers from Mexico or the Dominican Republic to transport the drug using a variety of smuggling techniques to U.
These include airdrops of to kg 1, to 1, lb in the Bahama Islands or off the coast of Puerto Rico , mid-ocean boat-to-boat transfers of to 2, kg 1, to 4, lb , and the commercial shipment of tonnes of cocaine through the port of Miami.
Another route of cocaine traffic goes through Chile, which is primarily used for cocaine produced in Bolivia since the nearest seaports lie in northern Chile. While the price of cocaine is higher in Chile than in Peru and Bolivia, the final destination is usually Europe, especially Spain where drug dealing networks exist among South American immigrants.
Cocaine is also carried in small, concealed, kilogram quantities across the border by couriers known as ” mules ” or “mulas” , who cross a border either legally, for example, through a port or airport, or illegally elsewhere. The drugs may be strapped to the waist or legs or hidden in bags, or hidden in the body. If the mule gets through without being caught, the gangs will reap most of the profits. If caught, gangs will sever all links and the mule will usually stand trial for trafficking alone.
Bulk cargo ships are also used to smuggle cocaine to staging sites in the western Caribbean— Gulf of Mexico area. These vessels are typically —foot 50—80 m coastal freighters that carry an average cocaine load of approximately 2.
Commercial fishing vessels are also used for smuggling operations. In areas with a high volume of recreational traffic, smugglers use the same types of vessels, such as go-fast boats , like those used by the local populations.
Sophisticated drug subs are the latest tool drug runners are using to bring cocaine north from Colombia, it was reported on 20 March Although the vessels were once viewed as a quirky sideshow in the drug war, they are becoming faster, more seaworthy, and capable of carrying bigger loads of drugs than earlier models, according to those charged with catching them. Cocaine is readily available in all major countries’ metropolitan areas.
According to the Summer Pulse Check , published by the U. In the West, cocaine usage was lower, which was thought to be due to a switch to methamphetamine among some users; methamphetamine is cheaper, three and a half times more powerful, and lasts 12—24 times longer with each dose.
These amounts and prices are very popular among young people because they are inexpensive and easily concealed on one’s body. Quality and price can vary dramatically depending on supply and demand, and on geographic region. Between and , the value of the market remained basically stable”. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Tropane alkaloid and stimulant drug. For other uses, see Cocaine disambiguation. US DailyMed : Cocaine.
IUPAC name. Methyl 1 R ,2 R ,3 S ,5 S benzoyloxy methylazabicyclo[3. DB Y. D Y. Interactive image. See also: Crack cocaine. Main article: Cocaine intoxication. See also: Epigenetics of cocaine addiction. Main article: Prenatal cocaine exposure. Main article: Freebase chemistry. Main article: Crack cocaine. Main article: Biosynthesis of cocaine.
Main article: List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use. Main article: Cocaine in the United States. Main article: Legal status of cocaine. See also: Cocaine in the United States. Medicine portal. ISBN Retrieved 30 April You will easily find like-minded people in educational institutions and will be able to take part in creative challenges. A nice bonus is a plethora of free tutorials and the chance to choose selective updates.
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Aggressive behavior may be displayed by both addicts and casual users. Cocaine can induce psychosis characterized by paranoia, impaired reality testing , hallucinations , irritability, and physical aggression. Cocaine intoxication can cause hyperawareness, hypervigilance , and psychomotor agitation and delirium. Consumption of large doses of cocaine can cause violent outbursts, especially by those with preexisting psychosis. Crack-related violence is also systemic, relating to disputes between crack dealers and users.
Acute exposure may also lead to angina , heart attack , and congestive heart failure. With excessive dosage, tremors, convulsions and increased body temperature are observed. Although it has been commonly asserted, the available evidence does not show that chronic use of cocaine is associated with broad cognitive deficits. Physical side effects from chronic smoking of cocaine include coughing up blood , bronchospasm , itching , fever , diffuse alveolar infiltrates without effusions, pulmonary and systemic eosinophilia , chest pain, lung trauma, sore throat, asthma , hoarse voice, dyspnea shortness of breath , and an aching, flu -like syndrome.
Cocaine constricts blood vessels , dilates pupils , and increases body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. It can also cause headaches and gastrointestinal complications such as abdominal pain and nausea. A common but untrue belief is that the smoking of cocaine chemically breaks down tooth enamel and causes tooth decay. Cocaine can cause involuntary tooth grinding, known as bruxism , which can deteriorate tooth enamel and lead to gingivitis. Since saliva is an important mechanism in maintaining one’s oral pH level, people who use cocaine over a long period of time who do not hydrate sufficiently may experience demineralization of their teeth due to the pH of the tooth surface dropping too low below 5.
Cocaine use also promotes the formation of blood clots. Chronic intranasal usage can degrade the cartilage separating the nostrils the septum nasi , leading eventually to its complete disappearance. Due to the absorption of the cocaine from cocaine hydrochloride, the remaining hydrochloride forms a dilute hydrochloric acid.
Illicitly-sold cocaine may be contaminated with levamisole. Cocaine use leads to an increased risk of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes. This change can be identified rather quickly, and may be sustained weeks after the last dose of the drug. DNA damage is increased in the brain of rodents by administration of cocaine. Cocaine dependence develops after even brief periods of regular cocaine use [92] and produces a withdrawal state with emotional-motivational deficits upon cessation of cocaine use.
Crack baby is a term for a child born to a mother who used crack cocaine during her pregnancy. The threat that cocaine use during pregnancy poses to the fetus is now considered exaggerated. Many recall that “crack babies”, or babies born to mothers who used crack cocaine while pregnant, were at one time written off by many as a lost generation.
They were predicted to suffer from severe, irreversible damage, including reduced intelligence and social skills. It was later found that this was a gross exaggeration. However, the fact that most of these children appear normal should not be over-interpreted as indicating that there is no cause for concern. Using sophisticated technologies, scientists are now finding that exposure to cocaine during fetal development may lead to subtle, yet significant, later deficits in some children, including deficits in some aspects of cognitive performance, information-processing, and attention to tasks—abilities that are important for success in school.
There are also warnings about the threat of breastfeeding : The March of Dimes said “it is likely that cocaine will reach the baby through breast milk,” and advises the following regarding cocaine use during pregnancy:.
Cocaine use during pregnancy can affect a pregnant woman and her unborn baby in many ways. During the early months of pregnancy, it may increase the risk of miscarriage. Later in pregnancy, it can trigger preterm labor labor that occurs before 37 weeks of pregnancy or cause the baby to grow poorly.
As a result, cocaine-exposed babies are more likely than unexposed babies to be born with low birth weight less than 5. Low-birthweight babies are 20 times more likely to die in their first month of life than normal-weight babies, and face an increased risk of lifelong disabilities such as mental retardation and cerebral palsy.
Cocaine-exposed babies also tend to have smaller heads, which generally reflect smaller brains. Some studies suggest that cocaine-exposed babies are at increased risk of birth defects, including urinary tract defects and, possibly, heart defects.
Cocaine also may cause an unborn baby to have a stroke, irreversible brain damage, or a heart attack. Persons with regular or problematic use of cocaine have a significantly higher rate of death, and are specifically at higher risk of traumatic deaths and deaths attributable to infectious disease. The extent of absorption of cocaine into the systemic circulation after nasal insufflation is similar to that after oral ingestion.
The rate of absorption after nasal insufflation is somewhat limited by cocaine-induced vasoconstriction of capillaries in the nasal mucosa. The onset of absorption after oral ingestion is delayed because cocaine is a weak base with a pKa of 8. The delay in absorption after oral ingestion may account for the popular belief that cocaine bioavailability from the stomach is lower than after insufflation. Compared to ingestion, the faster absorption of insufflated cocaine results in quicker attainment of maximum drug effects.
Snorting cocaine produces maximum physiological effects within 40 minutes and maximum psychotropic effects within 20 minutes. Physiological and psychotropic effects from nasally insufflated cocaine are sustained for approximately 40—60 minutes after the peak effects are attained.
Cocaine has a short elimination half life of 0. Depending on liver and kidney function, cocaine metabolites are detectable in urine. Detection of cocaine metabolites in hair is possible in regular users until the sections of hair grown during use are cut or fall out. Dopamine neurotransmitter released during neural signaling is normally recycled via the transporter; i.
Cocaine binds tightly at the dopamine transporter forming a complex that blocks the transporter’s function. The dopamine transporter can no longer perform its reuptake function, and thus dopamine accumulates in the synaptic cleft. The increased concentration of dopamine in the synapse activates post-synaptic dopamine receptors, which makes the drug rewarding and promotes the compulsive use of cocaine.
Cocaine affects certain serotonin 5-HT receptors; in particular, it has been shown to antagonize the 5-HT3 receptor , which is a ligand-gated ion channel. An overabundance of 5-HT3 receptors is reported in cocaine-conditioned rats, though 5-HT3’s role is unclear.
Cocaine has been demonstrated to bind as to directly stabilize the DAT transporter on the open outward-facing conformation. Further, cocaine binds in such a way as to inhibit a hydrogen bond innate to DAT. Cocaine’s binding properties are such that it attaches so this hydrogen bond will not form and is blocked from formation due to the tightly locked orientation of the cocaine molecule.
Research studies have suggested that the affinity for the transporter is not what is involved in the habituation of the substance so much as the conformation and binding properties to where and how on the transporter the molecule binds. Sigma receptors are affected by cocaine, as cocaine functions as a sigma ligand agonist. Cocaine also blocks sodium channels , thereby interfering with the propagation of action potentials ; [] [71] thus, like lignocaine and novocaine , it acts as a local anesthetic.
It also functions on the binding sites to the dopamine and serotonin sodium dependent transport area as targets as separate mechanisms from its reuptake of those transporters; unique to its local anesthetic value which makes it in a class of functionality different from both its own derived phenyltropanes analogues which have that removed.
In addition to this, cocaine has some target binding to the site of the Kappa-opioid receptor. Recent research points to an important role of circadian mechanisms [] and clock genes [] in behavioral actions of cocaine. Cocaine effects, further, are shown to be potentiated for the user when used in conjunction with new surroundings and stimuli, and otherwise novel environs.
Cocaine in its purest form is a white, pearly product. Cocaine appearing in powder form is a salt , typically cocaine hydrochloride.
Street cocaine is often adulterated or “cut” with talc , lactose , sucrose , glucose , mannitol , inositol , caffeine , procaine , phencyclidine , phenytoin , lignocaine , strychnine , levamisole , amphetamine , or heroin.
The color of “crack” cocaine depends upon several factors including the origin of the cocaine used, the method of preparation — with ammonia or baking soda — and the presence of impurities. It will generally range from white to a yellowish cream to a light brown. Its texture will also depend on the adulterants, origin, and processing of the powdered cocaine, and the method of converting the base.
It ranges from a crumbly texture, sometimes extremely oily, to a hard, almost crystalline nature. Cocaine — a tropane alkaloid — is a weakly alkaline compound, and can therefore combine with acidic compounds to form salts.
Different salts dissolve to a greater or lesser extent in various solvents — the hydrochloride salt is polar in character and is quite soluble in water. As the name implies, “freebase” is the base form of cocaine, as opposed to the salt form. It is practically insoluble in water whereas hydrochloride salt is water-soluble. Smoking freebase cocaine has the additional effect of releasing methylecgonidine into the user’s system due to the pyrolysis of the substance a side effect which insufflating or injecting powder cocaine does not create.
Some research suggests that smoking freebase cocaine can be even more cardiotoxic than other routes of administration [] because of methylecgonidine’s effects on lung tissue [] and liver tissue. Pure cocaine is prepared by neutralizing its compounding salt with an alkaline solution, which will precipitate non-polar basic cocaine. It is further refined through aqueous-solvent liquid—liquid extraction.
Crack is usually smoked in a glass pipe, and once inhaled, it passes from the lungs directly to the central nervous system , producing an almost immediate “high” that can be very powerful — this initial crescendo of stimulation is known as a “rush”. This is followed by an equally intense low, leaving the user craving more drug.
Addiction to crack usually occurs with four to six weeks; much more rapidly than with regular cocaine. This effectively destroys some of the cocaine and yields a sharp, acrid, and foul-tasting smoke.
The origin of the name “crack” comes from the “crackling” sound and hence the onomatopoeic moniker “crack” that is produced when the cocaine and its impurities i. Coca herbal infusion also referred to as coca tea is used in coca-leaf producing countries much as any herbal medicinal infusion would elsewhere in the world. The free and legal commercialization of dried coca leaves under the form of filtration bags to be used as “coca tea” has been actively promoted by the governments of Peru and Bolivia for many years as a drink having medicinal powers.
In Peru, the National Coca Company , a state-run corporation, sells cocaine-infused teas and other medicinal products and also exports leaves to the U. Visitors to the city of Cuzco in Peru, and La Paz in Bolivia are greeted with the offering of coca leaf infusions prepared in teapots with whole coca leaves purportedly to help the newly arrived traveler overcome the malaise of high altitude sickness. One study on coca leaf infusion used with counseling in the treatment of 23 addicted coca-paste smokers in Lima , Peru found that the relapses rate fell from 4.
The duration of abstinence increased from an average of 32 days before treatment to This suggests that coca leaf infusion plus counseling may be effective at preventing relapse during cocaine addiction treatment. There is little information on the pharmacological and toxicological effects of consuming coca tea.
Urine specimens were also analyzed from an individual who consumed one cup of coca tea and it was determined that enough cocaine and cocaine-related metabolites were present to produce a positive drug test. Since then, Robert Robinson and Edward Leete have made significant contributions to the mechanism of the synthesis. The second addition occurs through a Claisen condensation.
This produces a racemic mixture of the 2-substituted pyrrolidine, with the retention of the thioester from the Claisen condensation. In formation of tropinone from racemic ethyl [2,C 2 ] 4 Nmethylpyrrolidinyl oxobutanoate there is no preference for either stereoisomer. The stereoselectivity of this reaction was further investigated through study of prochiral methylene hydrogen discrimination. The benzoyl moiety required for the formation of the cocaine diester is synthesized from phenylalanine via cinnamic acid.
The biosynthesis begins with L- Glutamine , which is derived to L- ornithine in plants. The major contribution of L-ornithine and L- arginine as a precursor to the tropane ring was confirmed by Edward Leete. In some animals, the urea cycle derives putrescine from ornithine.
L-ornithine is converted to L-arginine, [] which is then decarboxylated via PLP to form agmatine. Hydrolysis of the imine derives N -carbamoylputrescine followed with hydrolysis of the urea to form putrescine. The separate pathways of converting ornithine to putrescine in plants and animals have converged. A SAM-dependent N -methylation of putrescine gives the N -methylputrescine product, which then undergoes oxidative deamination by the action of diamine oxidase to yield the aminoaldehyde.
The biosynthesis of the tropane alkaloid is still not understood. Hemscheidt proposes that Robinson’s acetonedicarboxylate emerges as a potential intermediate for this reaction. Decarboxylation leads to tropane alkaloid formation. The reduction of tropinone is mediated by NADPH -dependent reductase enzymes, which have been characterized in multiple plant species. Cocaine and its major metabolites may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to monitor for use, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or sudden death.
Most commercial cocaine immunoassay screening tests cross-react appreciably with the major cocaine metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and separately measure each of these substances. When interpreting the results of a test, it is important to consider the cocaine usage history of the individual, since a chronic user can develop tolerance to doses that would incapacitate a cocaine-naive individual, and the chronic user often has high baseline values of the metabolites in his system.
Cautious interpretation of testing results may allow a distinction between passive or active usage, and between smoking versus other routes of administration. Cocaine may be detected by law enforcement using the Scott reagent. The test can easily generate false positives for common substances and must be confirmed with a laboratory test.
The shade of brown shown by the chloroform is proportional to the cocaine content. This test is not cross sensitive to heroin, methamphetamine, benzocaine, procaine and a number of other drugs but other chemicals could cause false positives. According to a United Nations report, England and Wales are the countries with the highest rate of cocaine usage 2.
Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in Europe behind cannabis. Since the mids, overall cocaine usage in Europe has been on the rise, but usage rates and attitudes tend to vary between countries.
Approximately 17 million Europeans 5. About 1. The ratio of male to female users is approximately 3. In London had the highest amount of cocaine in its sewage out of 50 European cities. Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in the United States behind cannabis [] and the U. In the s and s, the drug became particularly popular in the disco culture as cocaine usage was very common and popular in many discos such as Studio Treatment with contingency management , such as providing vouchers for retail items contingent upon objectively-verified abstinence from recent drug use, has been shown in randomized clinical trials to significantly reduce the likelihood of having a positive test for the presence of cocaine.
TA-CD is an active vaccine [] developed by the Xenova Group which is used to negate the effects of cocaine, making it suitable for use in treatment of addiction.
It is created by combining norcocaine with inactivated cholera toxin. Indigenous peoples of South America have chewed the leaves of Erythroxylon coca — a plant that contains vital nutrients as well as numerous alkaloids , including cocaine — for over a thousand years. The remains of coca leaves have been found with ancient Peruvian mummies, and pottery from the time period depicts humans with bulged cheeks, indicating the presence of something on which they are chewing.
When the Spanish arrived in South America , the conquistadors at first banned coca as an “evil agent of devil”. When they wished to make themselves drunk and out of judgment they chewed a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves which make them go as they were out of their wittes.
In , Padre Blas Valera wrote:. Coca protects the body from many ailments, and our doctors use it in powdered form to reduce the swelling of wounds, to strengthen broken bones, to expel cold from the body or prevent it from entering, and to cure rotten wounds or sores that are full of maggots.
And if it does so much for outward ailments, will not its singular virtue have even greater effect in the entrails of those who eat it? Although the stimulant and hunger-suppressant properties of coca had been known for many centuries, the isolation of the cocaine alkaloid was not achieved until Various European scientists had attempted to isolate cocaine, but none had been successful for two reasons: the knowledge of chemistry required was insufficient at the time, and contemporary conditions of sea-shipping from South America could degrade the cocaine in the plant samples available to European chemists.
The cocaine alkaloid was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke in Gaedcke named the alkaloid “erythroxyline”, and published a description in the journal Archiv der Pharmazie. Carl Scherzer , a scientist aboard the Novara an Austrian frigate sent by Emperor Franz Joseph to circle the globe , to bring him a large amount of coca leaves from South America.
He wrote of the alkaloid’s “colourless transparent prisms” and said that “Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue.
Because of the former use of cocaine as a local anesthetic , a suffix “-caine” was later extracted and used to form names of synthetic local anesthetics.
With the discovery of this new alkaloid, Western medicine was quick to exploit the possible uses of this plant. He prepared two separate jars, one containing a cocaine-salt solution, with the other containing merely saltwater.
He then submerged a frog’s legs into the two jars, one leg in the treatment and one in the control solution, and proceeded to stimulate the legs in several different ways. The leg that had been immersed in the cocaine solution reacted very differently from the leg that had been immersed in saltwater. Karl Koller a close associate of Sigmund Freud , who would write about cocaine later experimented with cocaine for ophthalmic usage.
In an infamous experiment in , he experimented upon himself by applying a cocaine solution to his own eye and then pricking it with pins. His findings were presented to the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society. Also in , Jellinek demonstrated the effects of cocaine as a respiratory system anesthetic.
In , William Halsted demonstrated nerve-block anesthesia, [] and James Leonard Corning demonstrated peridural anesthesia. In , an Italian doctor , Paolo Mantegazza , returned from Peru , where he had witnessed first-hand the use of coca by the local indigenous peoples. He proceeded to experiment on himself and upon his return to Milan , he wrote a paper in which he described the effects. In this paper, he declared coca and cocaine at the time they were assumed to be the same as being useful medicinally, in the treatment of “a furred tongue in the morning, flatulence , and whitening of the teeth.
A chemist named Angelo Mariani who read Mantegazza’s paper became immediately intrigued with coca and its economic potential.
In , Mariani started marketing a wine called Vin Mariani , which had been treated with coca leaves, to become coca wine. The ethanol in wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the drink’s effect. It contained 6 mg cocaine per ounce of wine, but Vin Mariani which was to be exported contained 7. A “pinch of coca leaves” was included in John Styth Pemberton ‘s original recipe for Coca-Cola , though the company began using decocainized leaves in when the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed.
In cocaine began to be used to treat morphine addiction. Exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which in no way differs from the normal euphoria of the healthy person. You perceive an increase of self-control and possess more vitality and capacity for work. In other words, you are simply normal, and it is soon hard to believe you are under the influence of any drug.
Long intensive physical work is performed without any fatigue. This result is enjoyed without any of the unpleasant after-effects that follow exhilaration brought about by alcoholic beverages. No craving for the further use of cocaine appears after the first, or even after repeated taking of the drug. By the U. By the late Victorian era , cocaine use had appeared as a vice in literature.
For example, it was injected by Arthur Conan Doyle ‘s fictional Sherlock Holmes , generally to offset the boredom he felt when he was not working on a case. In early 20th-century Memphis, Tennessee , cocaine was sold in neighborhood drugstores on Beale Street , costing five or ten cents for a small boxful.
Stevedores along the Mississippi River used the drug as a stimulant, and white employers encouraged its use by black laborers. In the song ” Minnie the Moocher “, Cab Calloway heavily references cocaine use. He uses the phrase “kicking the gong around”, slang for cocaine use; describes titular character Minnie as “tall and skinny;” and describes Smokey Joe as “cokey”. During the mids, amidst World War II, cocaine was considered for inclusion as an ingredient of a future generation of ‘pep pills’ for the German military, code named D-IX.
In modern popular culture, references to cocaine are common. The drug has a glamorous image associated with the wealthy, famous and powerful, and is said to make users “feel rich and beautiful”. In many countries, cocaine is a popular recreational drug. In the United States, the development of “crack” cocaine introduced the substance to a generally poorer inner-city market. The use of the powder form has stayed relatively constant, experiencing a new height of use during the late s and early s in the U.
Cocaine use is prevalent across all socioeconomic strata, including age, demographics, economic, social, political, religious, and livelihood. The estimated U. An American representative in the World Health Assembly banned the publication of the study, because it seemed to make a case for the positive uses of cocaine.
An excerpt of the report strongly conflicted with accepted paradigms, for example, “that occasional cocaine use does not typically lead to severe or even minor physical or social problems.
This led to the decision to discontinue publication. A part of the study was recuperated and published in , including profiles of cocaine use in 20 countries, but are unavailable as of [update]. In October it was reported that the use of cocaine in Australia has doubled since monitoring began in A problem with illegal cocaine use, especially in the higher volumes used to combat fatigue rather than increase euphoria by long-term users, is the risk of ill effects or damage caused by the compounds used in adulteration.
The normal adulterants for profit are inactive sugars, usually mannitol, creatine, or glucose, so introducing active adulterants gives the illusion of purity and to ‘stretch’ or make it so a dealer can sell more product than without the adulterants.
The production, distribution, and sale of cocaine products is restricted and illegal in most contexts in most countries as regulated by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs , and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. In the United States the manufacture, importation, possession, and distribution of cocaine are additionally regulated by the Controlled Substances Act.
Some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia, permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local indigenous population , but nevertheless, prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of cocaine. The US federal government instituted a national labeling requirement for cocaine and cocaine-containing products through the Pure Food and Drug Act of While this act is often seen as the start of prohibition, the act itself was not actually a prohibition on cocaine, but instead set up a regulatory and licensing regime.
Before the early s, the primary problem caused by cocaine use was portrayed by newspapers to be addiction, not violence or crime, and the cocaine user was represented as an upper- or middle-class White person. In , according to the United Nations , tonnes of cocaine were seized globally by law enforcement authorities. Colombia seized t, the United States t, Europe 79 t, Peru 14 t, Bolivia 9 t, and the rest of the world t. Colombia is as of the world’s largest cocaine producer, with production more than tripling since This, combined with crop reductions in Bolivia and Peru, made Colombia the nation with the largest area of coca under cultivation after the mids.
Coca grown for traditional purposes by indigenous communities, a use which is still present and is permitted by Colombian laws, only makes up a small fragment of total coca production, most of which is used for the illegal drug trade.
An interview with a coca farmer published in described a mode of production by acid-base extraction that has changed little since Roughly pounds kg of leaves were harvested per hectare , six times per year. The leaves were dried for half a day, then chopped into small pieces with a string trimmer and sprinkled with a small amount of powdered cement replacing sodium carbonate from former times. Several hundred pounds of this mixture were soaked in 50 US gallons L of gasoline for a day, then the gasoline was removed and the leaves were pressed for the remaining liquid, after which they could be discarded.
Then battery acid weak sulfuric acid was used, one bucket per 55 lb 25 kg of leaves, to create a phase separation in which the cocaine free base in the gasoline was acidified and extracted into a few buckets of “murky-looking smelly liquid”. Once powdered caustic soda was added to this, the cocaine precipitated and could be removed by filtration through a cloth. The resulting material, when dried, was termed pasta and sold by the farmer.
The pound yearly harvest of leaves from a hectare produced 6 lb 2. Repeated recrystallization from solvents, producing pasta lavada and eventually crystalline cocaine were performed at specialized laboratories after the sale. Attempts to eradicate coca fields through the use of defoliants have devastated part of the farming economy in some coca-growing regions of Colombia, and strains appear to have been developed that are more resistant or immune to their use.
Whether these strains are natural mutations or the product of human tampering is unclear. These strains have also shown to be more potent than those previously grown, increasing profits for the drug cartels responsible for the exporting of cocaine. Although production fell temporarily, coca crops rebounded in numerous smaller fields in Colombia, rather than the larger plantations. The cultivation of coca has become an attractive economic decision for many growers due to the combination of several factors, including the lack of other employment alternatives, the lower profitability of alternative crops in official crop substitution programs, the eradication-related damages to non-drug farms, the spread of new strains of the coca plant due to persistent worldwide demand.
The latest estimate provided by the U. As of the end of , the seizure operations of Colombian cocaine carried out in different countries have totaled Department of State’s estimates. Synthesizing cocaine could eliminate the high visibility and low reliability of offshore sources and international smuggling, replacing them with clandestine domestic laboratories, as are common for illicit methamphetamine , but is rarely done.
Natural cocaine remains the lowest cost and highest quality supply of cocaine. Formation of inactive stereoisomers cocaine has four chiral centres — 1 R 2 R , 3 S , and 5 S , two of them dependent, hence eight possible stereoisomers plus synthetic by-products limits the yield and purity. Organized criminal gangs operating on a large scale dominate the cocaine trade. The primary cocaine importation points in the United States have been in Arizona , southern California , southern Florida , and Texas.
Typically, land vehicles are driven across the U. Sixty-five percent of cocaine enters the United States through Mexico, and the vast majority of the rest enters through Florida.
Cocaine traffickers from Colombia and Mexico have established a labyrinth of smuggling routes throughout the Caribbean, the Bahama Island chain, and South Florida. They often hire traffickers from Mexico or the Dominican Republic to transport the drug using a variety of smuggling techniques to U. These include airdrops of to kg 1, to 1, lb in the Bahama Islands or off the coast of Puerto Rico , mid-ocean boat-to-boat transfers of to 2, kg 1, to 4, lb , and the commercial shipment of tonnes of cocaine through the port of Miami.
Another route of cocaine traffic goes through Chile, which is primarily used for cocaine produced in Bolivia since the nearest seaports lie in northern Chile. While the price of cocaine is higher in Chile than in Peru and Bolivia, the final destination is usually Europe, especially Spain where drug dealing networks exist among South American immigrants.
Cocaine is also carried in small, concealed, kilogram quantities across the border by couriers known as ” mules ” or “mulas” , who cross a border either legally, for example, through a port or airport, or illegally elsewhere.
The drugs may be strapped to the waist or legs or hidden in bags, or hidden in the body. If the mule gets through without being caught, the gangs will reap most of the profits. If caught, gangs will sever all links and the mule will usually stand trial for trafficking alone. Bulk cargo ships are also used to smuggle cocaine to staging sites in the western Caribbean— Gulf of Mexico area. These vessels are typically —foot 50—80 m coastal freighters that carry an average cocaine load of approximately 2.
Commercial fishing vessels are also used for smuggling operations. In areas with a high volume of recreational traffic, smugglers use the same types of vessels, such as go-fast boats , like those used by the local populations. Sophisticated drug subs are the latest tool drug runners are using to bring cocaine north from Colombia, it was reported on 20 March Although the vessels were once viewed as a quirky sideshow in the drug war, they are becoming faster, more seaworthy, and capable of carrying bigger loads of drugs than earlier models, according to those charged with catching them.
Cocaine is readily available in all major countries’ metropolitan areas. According to the Summer Pulse Check , published by the U. In the West, cocaine usage was lower, which was thought to be due to a switch to methamphetamine among some users; methamphetamine is cheaper, three and a half times more powerful, and lasts 12—24 times longer with each dose.
These amounts and prices are very popular among young people because they are inexpensive and easily concealed on one’s body.
Quality and price can vary dramatically depending on supply and demand, and on geographic region. Between and , the value of the market remained basically stable”.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Tropane alkaloid and stimulant drug. For other uses, see Cocaine disambiguation. US DailyMed : Cocaine. IUPAC name. Methyl 1 R ,2 R ,3 S ,5 S benzoyloxy methylazabicyclo[3. DB Y. D Y. Interactive image. See also: Crack cocaine. Main article: Cocaine intoxication. See also: Epigenetics of cocaine addiction. Main article: Prenatal cocaine exposure. Main article: Freebase chemistry.
Main article: Crack cocaine. Main article: Biosynthesis of cocaine. Main article: List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use.
Main article: Cocaine in the United States. Main article: Legal status of cocaine. See also: Cocaine in the United States. Medicine portal. ISBN Retrieved 30 April Cambridge University Press.
Archived from the original on 10 September Abingdon: CRC Press. The Neuroscientist. PMID S2CID Archived from the original on 9 August Retrieved 7 August European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Critical Care Clinics. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.
Current Medicinal Chemistry. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Office-Based Laryngeal Surgery. USA: Springer. Analysis of the role of the proton-organic cation antiporter”. Biochemical Pharmacology. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. October The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. PMC Frontiers in Neurology. June European Psychiatry. Annual Review of Psychology. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. Journal of Anthropological Research.
Economic Botany. British Journal of Hospital Medicine. Drug Enforcement Agency. Retrieved 17 June The Laryngoscope Review. Drug Safety. To crack the activation key of a program, hackers change its original code. Those people, who have ever used a cracked version of the program, confirm that many options, e.
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Cocaine crosses the blood-brain barrier via a proton-coupled organic cation antiporter office 2016 compatibility free download [20] [21] and to a lesser extent via passive diffusion across cell membranes.
A single dose of cocaine induces tolerance to the drug’s effects. Addicts who abstain from cocaine experience cocaine craving and drug withdrawalwith depressiondecreased libidodecreased ability to feel pleasure and fatigue. It also increases risk of strokeheart attackcardiac arrhythmia, lung injury when smokedand sudden cardiac death.
Affinity designer crack free leaves have been used by Andean civilizations since ancient times. Globally, incocaine was used by an estimated 20 million people 0.
The highest prevalence of cocaine use was in Australia and New Zealand 2. Topical cocaine is sometimes used as a local numbing agent and vasoconstrictor to help control pain and bleeding with surgery of the nose, mouth, throat or lacrimal affinity designer crack free. Although some absorption and systemic effects may occur, the use of cocaine as a topical affinity designer crack free and vasoconstrictor is generally safe, rarely causing cardiovascular toxicity, glaucomaand pupil dilation.
Cocaine hydrochloride Gopreltoan ester local anesthetic, was approved for medical use in the United States in Decemberand is indicated for the introduction of local anesthesia of the mucous membranes for diagnostic procedures and surgeries on or through the nasal cavities of adults. The most common adverse reactions in people treated with Goprelto are headache and epistaxis.
Cocaine is a central nervous affinity designer crack free stimulant. The duration of cocaine’s effects depends on the amount taken and the route of administration. Crack cocaine is a smokeable form of cocaine made into small “rocks” by affinity designer crack free cocaine with sodium bicarbonate baking soda and water.
Cocaine use leads to increases in alertness, feelings of well-being and euphoriaincreased energy and motor activity, and increased feelings of competence and sexuality. Analysis of the correlation between the use of 18 various psychoactive substances shows that cocaine use correlates with other ” party drugs ” such as ecstasy or amphetaminesas well as with heroin and benzodiazepines use, and can be considered as a bridge between the use of different groups of drugs.
It is legal for people to use Coca leaves in some Andean nations, such as Peru and Bolivia, where they are chewed, consumed in the form of tea, or are sometimes incorporated into food products. The juices are absorbed slowly by the mucous membrane of the inner affinity designer crack free and by the gastrointestinal tract when swallowed.
Alternatively, coca leaves can be infused in liquid and consumed like tea. Coca teaan infusion of coca leaves, is also a traditional affinity designer crack free of consumption.
The tea has often been recommended for travelers in the Andes to prevent altitude sickness. While the packaging claimed it had been “decocainized”, no such process had actually taken place. The article stated that drinking two cups of the tea per day gave a mild stimulationincreased heart rateand mood elevation, and the tea was essentially harmless. Nasal insufflation known colloquially as “snorting”, “sniffing”, or “blowing” is a common method of ingestion of recreational powdered cocaine.
Cocaine’s desired euphoric effects are delayed when snorted through the nose by about five minutes. This occurs because http://replace.me/21810.txt absorption is slowed by its constricting effect on the blood vessels of the nose. In a вот ссылка of cocaine users, the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was Rolled up banknoteshollowed-out penscut strawspointed ends of keys, specialized spoons, [53] long fingernailsand clean tampon applicators are often used to insufflate cocaine.
The cocaine typically is poured onto a flat, hard surface such as a mobile phone screen, mirror, CD case or book and divided into “bumps”, “lines” or “rails”, and then insufflated. Subjective effects not commonly shared with other methods of administration include a ringing in the ears moments after injection usually when over milligrams lasting two to 5 minutes including tinnitus and audio distortion.
This is colloquially referred to as a “bell ringer”. In a study of cocaine users, the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was 3. Aside from the toxic affinity designer crack free of cocaine, there is also the danger of circulatory emboli from the insoluble substances that may be used to cut the drug.
As with all injected illicit substancesthere is a risk of the user contracting blood-borne infections if sterile injecting equipment is not available or used. An injected mixture of cocaine and heroinknown as ” speedball “, подробнее на этой странице a particularly dangerous combination, as affinity designer crack free converse effects здесь the drugs actually complement each other, but may also mask the symptoms of an affinity designer crack free.
Experimentally, cocaine injections can be delivered to animals such as fruit flies to study the mechanisms of cocaine addiction. The onset of cocaine’s desired euphoric effects is fastest with inhaling cocaine and begins after 3—5 seconds. Cocaine is smoked by inhaling the vapor produced when solid cocaine is heated to the point that it sublimates. Smoking freebase or crack cocaine is most often accomplished using a pipe made from a small glass tube, often taken from ” love roses “, small glass tubes with a paper rose that are promoted as romantic gifts.
A small piece of clean heavy copper or occasionally stainless steel scouring pad — often called a “brillo” actual Brillo Pads contain soap, and are not used or “chore” named for Chore Boy brand copper scouring pads — serves as a reduction base and flow modulator in which the “rock” can be melted and boiled to vapor. Crack is smoked by placing it at the end of the pipe; a flame held close to it produces vapor, which is then inhaled by the smoker.
The effects felt almost affinity designer crack free after smoking, are very intense and do not last long — usually 2 to 10 minutes. Opioid involvement in cocaine overdose deaths. The green line is cocaine and any opioid top line in The gray line is cocaine without any opioids bottom line in The yellow line is cocaine and other synthetic opioids middle line in Delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs based on expert opinion.
Cocaine was ranked the 2nd in dependence and physical harm and 3rd in social harm. Acute exposure to cocaine has many effects on humans, including euphoria, increases in heart rate and blood pressure, and increases in жмите secretion from the adrenal gland. Aggressive behavior may be displayed by both addicts and casual users.
Cocaine can induce psychosis characterized by paranoia, impaired reality testinghallucinationsirritability, and physical aggression. Cocaine intoxication can cause hyperawareness, hypervigilanceand psychomotor agitation and delirium. Consumption of large doses of cocaine can cause violent outbursts, especially by those with preexisting psychosis. Crack-related violence is also systemic, relating to disputes between crack dealers and users.
Acute affinity designer crack free may also lead to anginaheart attackand congestive heart failure. With excessive dosage, tremors, convulsions and increased body temperature are observed. Although it has been commonly asserted, the available evidence does not show that chronic use of cocaine is associated with broad cognitive deficits.
Physical side effects from chronic smoking of cocaine include coughing up bloodbronchospasmitchingfeverdiffuse alveolar infiltrates without effusions, pulmonary and systemic eosinophiliachest pain, lung trauma, sore throat, asthmaaffinity designer crack free voice, affinity designer crack free shortness of breathand an aching, flu -like syndrome.
Cocaine constricts blood vesselsdilates pupilsand increases body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. It can also cause headaches and gastrointestinal complications such as abdominal pain and nausea. A common but untrue belief is that the smoking of cocaine chemically breaks down tooth enamel and causes tooth decay.
Cocaine affinity designer crack free cause involuntary tooth grinding, known as bruxismwhich can deteriorate tooth enamel and lead to gingivitis. Since saliva is an important mechanism in maintaining one’s oral pH level, people who use cocaine over a long period of time who do not hydrate sufficiently may experience demineralization of their teeth due to the pH of the tooth surface dropping too low below 5.
Cocaine use also promotes the formation of blood clots. Chronic intranasal usage can degrade the cartilage separating the nostrils the нажмите для продолжения nasileading eventually to its complete disappearance. Due to the absorption of the cocaine from cocaine hydrochloride, читать полностью remaining hydrochloride forms a dilute hydrochloric acid. Illicitly-sold cocaine may be contaminated with levamisole.
Cocaine use leads to an increased risk of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes. This change can be identified rather quickly, and may be sustained weeks after the last dose of the drug. DNA damage is increased in the brain of rodents by administration of cocaine. Cocaine dependence develops after even brief periods of regular cocaine use [92] and produces a withdrawal state with emotional-motivational deficits upon cessation of cocaine use.
Crack baby is a term for a child born to a mother who used crack cocaine during her pregnancy. The threat that affinity designer crack free use during pregnancy poses to the fetus is now considered exaggerated. Many recall that “crack babies”, or babies перейти to mothers who used crack cocaine while pregnant, were at one time written off by many as a lost generation.
They were predicted to suffer from severe, irreversible damage, including reduced intelligence and social skills. It was later found that this was a gross exaggeration.
However, the fact that most of affinity designer crack free children appear normal should not be over-interpreted as indicating that there is no cause for concern. Using sophisticated technologies, scientists are now finding that exposure to cocaine during fetal development may lead to subtle, yet significant, later deficits in some children, including deficits in some aspects of cognitive performance, information-processing, and attention to tasks—abilities that are important for affinity designer crack free in school.
There are also warnings about the threat of breastfeeding : The March of Dimes said “it is likely that cocaine will reach the baby through breast milk,” and advises the following regarding cocaine use during pregnancy:. Cocaine use during pregnancy can affect a pregnant woman and her unborn baby in many ways.
During the early months of pregnancy, it may increase the risk of miscarriage. Later in pregnancy, it can trigger preterm labor labor that occurs before 37 weeks of pregnancy or cause the baby to grow poorly. As a result, cocaine-exposed babies are more likely than unexposed babies to be born with low birth weight less than 5. Low-birthweight babies are 20 times more likely to die in their first month of life than normal-weight babies, and face an increased risk of lifelong disabilities such as mental retardation and cerebral palsy.
Cocaine-exposed babies also tend to have smaller heads, which generally reflect smaller brains. Some studies suggest that cocaine-exposed babies are at increased risk of birth defects, including urinary tract defects and, possibly, heart defects. Cocaine also may cause an unborn baby to have a stroke, irreversible brain damage, or a heart attack.
Persons with regular or problematic use of download adobe fireworks pt-br download have a affinity designer crack free higher rate of death, and are specifically at higher risk of traumatic deaths and affinity designer crack free attributable to infectious disease.
The extent of absorption of cocaine into the systemic circulation after nasal insufflation is similar to that after oral ingestion. The rate of absorption after nasal insufflation is somewhat limited by cocaine-induced vasoconstriction of capillaries in the nasal mucosa. The onset of absorption after oral ingestion is delayed because cocaine is a weak base with a pKa of 8. The delay in absorption after oral ingestion may account for the popular belief that cocaine bioavailability from the stomach is lower than after insufflation.
Compared to ingestion, the faster посетить страницу источник of insufflated cocaine results in quicker attainment of maximum drug effects.
Snorting cocaine produces maximum physiological effects within 40 minutes and maximum psychotropic effects within 20 minutes. Physiological and psychotropic effects from nasally insufflated cocaine are sustained for approximately 40—60 minutes after the peak effects are attained.
Cocaine has a short elimination half life of 0. Depending on liver and kidney function, cocaine metabolites are detectable in urine. Detection of cocaine metabolites in hair is possible in regular users until the sections of hair grown during use are cut or affinity designer crack free out. Dopamine neurotransmitter released during neural signaling is normally recycled via the transporter; i.
Cocaine also blocks sodium channels , thereby interfering with the propagation of action potentials ; [] [71] thus, like lignocaine and novocaine , it acts as a local anesthetic.
It also functions on the binding sites to the dopamine and serotonin sodium dependent transport area as targets as separate mechanisms from its reuptake of those transporters; unique to its local anesthetic value which makes it in a class of functionality different from both its own derived phenyltropanes analogues which have that removed. In addition to this, cocaine has some target binding to the site of the Kappa-opioid receptor. Recent research points to an important role of circadian mechanisms [] and clock genes [] in behavioral actions of cocaine.
Cocaine effects, further, are shown to be potentiated for the user when used in conjunction with new surroundings and stimuli, and otherwise novel environs.
Cocaine in its purest form is a white, pearly product. Cocaine appearing in powder form is a salt , typically cocaine hydrochloride. Street cocaine is often adulterated or “cut” with talc , lactose , sucrose , glucose , mannitol , inositol , caffeine , procaine , phencyclidine , phenytoin , lignocaine , strychnine , levamisole , amphetamine , or heroin. The color of “crack” cocaine depends upon several factors including the origin of the cocaine used, the method of preparation — with ammonia or baking soda — and the presence of impurities.
It will generally range from white to a yellowish cream to a light brown. Its texture will also depend on the adulterants, origin, and processing of the powdered cocaine, and the method of converting the base. It ranges from a crumbly texture, sometimes extremely oily, to a hard, almost crystalline nature. Cocaine — a tropane alkaloid — is a weakly alkaline compound, and can therefore combine with acidic compounds to form salts.
Different salts dissolve to a greater or lesser extent in various solvents — the hydrochloride salt is polar in character and is quite soluble in water. As the name implies, “freebase” is the base form of cocaine, as opposed to the salt form. It is practically insoluble in water whereas hydrochloride salt is water-soluble.
Smoking freebase cocaine has the additional effect of releasing methylecgonidine into the user’s system due to the pyrolysis of the substance a side effect which insufflating or injecting powder cocaine does not create. Some research suggests that smoking freebase cocaine can be even more cardiotoxic than other routes of administration [] because of methylecgonidine’s effects on lung tissue [] and liver tissue.
Pure cocaine is prepared by neutralizing its compounding salt with an alkaline solution, which will precipitate non-polar basic cocaine. It is further refined through aqueous-solvent liquid—liquid extraction. Crack is usually smoked in a glass pipe, and once inhaled, it passes from the lungs directly to the central nervous system , producing an almost immediate “high” that can be very powerful — this initial crescendo of stimulation is known as a “rush”.
This is followed by an equally intense low, leaving the user craving more drug. Addiction to crack usually occurs with four to six weeks; much more rapidly than with regular cocaine.
This effectively destroys some of the cocaine and yields a sharp, acrid, and foul-tasting smoke. The origin of the name “crack” comes from the “crackling” sound and hence the onomatopoeic moniker “crack” that is produced when the cocaine and its impurities i. Coca herbal infusion also referred to as coca tea is used in coca-leaf producing countries much as any herbal medicinal infusion would elsewhere in the world.
The free and legal commercialization of dried coca leaves under the form of filtration bags to be used as “coca tea” has been actively promoted by the governments of Peru and Bolivia for many years as a drink having medicinal powers. In Peru, the National Coca Company , a state-run corporation, sells cocaine-infused teas and other medicinal products and also exports leaves to the U.
Visitors to the city of Cuzco in Peru, and La Paz in Bolivia are greeted with the offering of coca leaf infusions prepared in teapots with whole coca leaves purportedly to help the newly arrived traveler overcome the malaise of high altitude sickness. One study on coca leaf infusion used with counseling in the treatment of 23 addicted coca-paste smokers in Lima , Peru found that the relapses rate fell from 4.
The duration of abstinence increased from an average of 32 days before treatment to This suggests that coca leaf infusion plus counseling may be effective at preventing relapse during cocaine addiction treatment. There is little information on the pharmacological and toxicological effects of consuming coca tea. Urine specimens were also analyzed from an individual who consumed one cup of coca tea and it was determined that enough cocaine and cocaine-related metabolites were present to produce a positive drug test.
Since then, Robert Robinson and Edward Leete have made significant contributions to the mechanism of the synthesis. The second addition occurs through a Claisen condensation. This produces a racemic mixture of the 2-substituted pyrrolidine, with the retention of the thioester from the Claisen condensation.
In formation of tropinone from racemic ethyl [2,C 2 ] 4 Nmethylpyrrolidinyl oxobutanoate there is no preference for either stereoisomer. The stereoselectivity of this reaction was further investigated through study of prochiral methylene hydrogen discrimination.
The benzoyl moiety required for the formation of the cocaine diester is synthesized from phenylalanine via cinnamic acid. The biosynthesis begins with L- Glutamine , which is derived to L- ornithine in plants. The major contribution of L-ornithine and L- arginine as a precursor to the tropane ring was confirmed by Edward Leete. In some animals, the urea cycle derives putrescine from ornithine. L-ornithine is converted to L-arginine, [] which is then decarboxylated via PLP to form agmatine.
Hydrolysis of the imine derives N -carbamoylputrescine followed with hydrolysis of the urea to form putrescine. The separate pathways of converting ornithine to putrescine in plants and animals have converged. A SAM-dependent N -methylation of putrescine gives the N -methylputrescine product, which then undergoes oxidative deamination by the action of diamine oxidase to yield the aminoaldehyde.
The biosynthesis of the tropane alkaloid is still not understood. Hemscheidt proposes that Robinson’s acetonedicarboxylate emerges as a potential intermediate for this reaction. Decarboxylation leads to tropane alkaloid formation.
The reduction of tropinone is mediated by NADPH -dependent reductase enzymes, which have been characterized in multiple plant species.
Cocaine and its major metabolites may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to monitor for use, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or sudden death. Most commercial cocaine immunoassay screening tests cross-react appreciably with the major cocaine metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and separately measure each of these substances. When interpreting the results of a test, it is important to consider the cocaine usage history of the individual, since a chronic user can develop tolerance to doses that would incapacitate a cocaine-naive individual, and the chronic user often has high baseline values of the metabolites in his system.
Cautious interpretation of testing results may allow a distinction between passive or active usage, and between smoking versus other routes of administration.
Cocaine may be detected by law enforcement using the Scott reagent. The test can easily generate false positives for common substances and must be confirmed with a laboratory test.
The shade of brown shown by the chloroform is proportional to the cocaine content. This test is not cross sensitive to heroin, methamphetamine, benzocaine, procaine and a number of other drugs but other chemicals could cause false positives. According to a United Nations report, England and Wales are the countries with the highest rate of cocaine usage 2. Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in Europe behind cannabis. Since the mids, overall cocaine usage in Europe has been on the rise, but usage rates and attitudes tend to vary between countries.
Approximately 17 million Europeans 5. About 1. The ratio of male to female users is approximately 3. In London had the highest amount of cocaine in its sewage out of 50 European cities. Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in the United States behind cannabis [] and the U. In the s and s, the drug became particularly popular in the disco culture as cocaine usage was very common and popular in many discos such as Studio Treatment with contingency management , such as providing vouchers for retail items contingent upon objectively-verified abstinence from recent drug use, has been shown in randomized clinical trials to significantly reduce the likelihood of having a positive test for the presence of cocaine.
TA-CD is an active vaccine [] developed by the Xenova Group which is used to negate the effects of cocaine, making it suitable for use in treatment of addiction. It is created by combining norcocaine with inactivated cholera toxin.
Indigenous peoples of South America have chewed the leaves of Erythroxylon coca — a plant that contains vital nutrients as well as numerous alkaloids , including cocaine — for over a thousand years. The remains of coca leaves have been found with ancient Peruvian mummies, and pottery from the time period depicts humans with bulged cheeks, indicating the presence of something on which they are chewing.
When the Spanish arrived in South America , the conquistadors at first banned coca as an “evil agent of devil”. When they wished to make themselves drunk and out of judgment they chewed a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves which make them go as they were out of their wittes. In , Padre Blas Valera wrote:. Coca protects the body from many ailments, and our doctors use it in powdered form to reduce the swelling of wounds, to strengthen broken bones, to expel cold from the body or prevent it from entering, and to cure rotten wounds or sores that are full of maggots.
And if it does so much for outward ailments, will not its singular virtue have even greater effect in the entrails of those who eat it? Although the stimulant and hunger-suppressant properties of coca had been known for many centuries, the isolation of the cocaine alkaloid was not achieved until Various European scientists had attempted to isolate cocaine, but none had been successful for two reasons: the knowledge of chemistry required was insufficient at the time, and contemporary conditions of sea-shipping from South America could degrade the cocaine in the plant samples available to European chemists.
The cocaine alkaloid was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke in Gaedcke named the alkaloid “erythroxyline”, and published a description in the journal Archiv der Pharmazie. Carl Scherzer , a scientist aboard the Novara an Austrian frigate sent by Emperor Franz Joseph to circle the globe , to bring him a large amount of coca leaves from South America.
He wrote of the alkaloid’s “colourless transparent prisms” and said that “Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue. Because of the former use of cocaine as a local anesthetic , a suffix “-caine” was later extracted and used to form names of synthetic local anesthetics.
With the discovery of this new alkaloid, Western medicine was quick to exploit the possible uses of this plant. He prepared two separate jars, one containing a cocaine-salt solution, with the other containing merely saltwater. He then submerged a frog’s legs into the two jars, one leg in the treatment and one in the control solution, and proceeded to stimulate the legs in several different ways.
The leg that had been immersed in the cocaine solution reacted very differently from the leg that had been immersed in saltwater. Karl Koller a close associate of Sigmund Freud , who would write about cocaine later experimented with cocaine for ophthalmic usage.
In an infamous experiment in , he experimented upon himself by applying a cocaine solution to his own eye and then pricking it with pins. His findings were presented to the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society. Also in , Jellinek demonstrated the effects of cocaine as a respiratory system anesthetic.
In , William Halsted demonstrated nerve-block anesthesia, [] and James Leonard Corning demonstrated peridural anesthesia.
In , an Italian doctor , Paolo Mantegazza , returned from Peru , where he had witnessed first-hand the use of coca by the local indigenous peoples. He proceeded to experiment on himself and upon his return to Milan , he wrote a paper in which he described the effects. In this paper, he declared coca and cocaine at the time they were assumed to be the same as being useful medicinally, in the treatment of “a furred tongue in the morning, flatulence , and whitening of the teeth.
A chemist named Angelo Mariani who read Mantegazza’s paper became immediately intrigued with coca and its economic potential. In , Mariani started marketing a wine called Vin Mariani , which had been treated with coca leaves, to become coca wine. The ethanol in wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the drink’s effect.
It contained 6 mg cocaine per ounce of wine, but Vin Mariani which was to be exported contained 7. A “pinch of coca leaves” was included in John Styth Pemberton ‘s original recipe for Coca-Cola , though the company began using decocainized leaves in when the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed. In cocaine began to be used to treat morphine addiction.
Exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which in no way differs from the normal euphoria of the healthy person. You perceive an increase of self-control and possess more vitality and capacity for work. In other words, you are simply normal, and it is soon hard to believe you are under the influence of any drug. Long intensive physical work is performed without any fatigue. This result is enjoyed without any of the unpleasant after-effects that follow exhilaration brought about by alcoholic beverages.
No craving for the further use of cocaine appears after the first, or even after repeated taking of the drug. By the U. By the late Victorian era , cocaine use had appeared as a vice in literature. For example, it was injected by Arthur Conan Doyle ‘s fictional Sherlock Holmes , generally to offset the boredom he felt when he was not working on a case.
In early 20th-century Memphis, Tennessee , cocaine was sold in neighborhood drugstores on Beale Street , costing five or ten cents for a small boxful. Stevedores along the Mississippi River used the drug as a stimulant, and white employers encouraged its use by black laborers. In the song ” Minnie the Moocher “, Cab Calloway heavily references cocaine use. He uses the phrase “kicking the gong around”, slang for cocaine use; describes titular character Minnie as “tall and skinny;” and describes Smokey Joe as “cokey”.
During the mids, amidst World War II, cocaine was considered for inclusion as an ingredient of a future generation of ‘pep pills’ for the German military, code named D-IX. In modern popular culture, references to cocaine are common. The drug has a glamorous image associated with the wealthy, famous and powerful, and is said to make users “feel rich and beautiful”. In many countries, cocaine is a popular recreational drug. In the United States, the development of “crack” cocaine introduced the substance to a generally poorer inner-city market.
The use of the powder form has stayed relatively constant, experiencing a new height of use during the late s and early s in the U. Cocaine use is prevalent across all socioeconomic strata, including age, demographics, economic, social, political, religious, and livelihood. The estimated U. An American representative in the World Health Assembly banned the publication of the study, because it seemed to make a case for the positive uses of cocaine. An excerpt of the report strongly conflicted with accepted paradigms, for example, “that occasional cocaine use does not typically lead to severe or even minor physical or social problems.
This led to the decision to discontinue publication. A part of the study was recuperated and published in , including profiles of cocaine use in 20 countries, but are unavailable as of [update]. In October it was reported that the use of cocaine in Australia has doubled since monitoring began in A problem with illegal cocaine use, especially in the higher volumes used to combat fatigue rather than increase euphoria by long-term users, is the risk of ill effects or damage caused by the compounds used in adulteration.
The normal adulterants for profit are inactive sugars, usually mannitol, creatine, or glucose, so introducing active adulterants gives the illusion of purity and to ‘stretch’ or make it so a dealer can sell more product than without the adulterants. The production, distribution, and sale of cocaine products is restricted and illegal in most contexts in most countries as regulated by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs , and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
In the United States the manufacture, importation, possession, and distribution of cocaine are additionally regulated by the Controlled Substances Act.
Some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia, permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local indigenous population , but nevertheless, prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of cocaine. The US federal government instituted a national labeling requirement for cocaine and cocaine-containing products through the Pure Food and Drug Act of While this act is often seen as the start of prohibition, the act itself was not actually a prohibition on cocaine, but instead set up a regulatory and licensing regime.
Before the early s, the primary problem caused by cocaine use was portrayed by newspapers to be addiction, not violence or crime, and the cocaine user was represented as an upper- or middle-class White person. In , according to the United Nations , tonnes of cocaine were seized globally by law enforcement authorities.
Colombia seized t, the United States t, Europe 79 t, Peru 14 t, Bolivia 9 t, and the rest of the world t. Colombia is as of the world’s largest cocaine producer, with production more than tripling since This, combined with crop reductions in Bolivia and Peru, made Colombia the nation with the largest area of coca under cultivation after the mids.
Coca grown for traditional purposes by indigenous communities, a use which is still present and is permitted by Colombian laws, only makes up a small fragment of total coca production, most of which is used for the illegal drug trade. An interview with a coca farmer published in described a mode of production by acid-base extraction that has changed little since Roughly pounds kg of leaves were harvested per hectare , six times per year.
The leaves were dried for half a day, then chopped into small pieces with a string trimmer and sprinkled with a small amount of powdered cement replacing sodium carbonate from former times. Several hundred pounds of this mixture were soaked in 50 US gallons L of gasoline for a day, then the gasoline was removed and the leaves were pressed for the remaining liquid, after which they could be discarded.
Then battery acid weak sulfuric acid was used, one bucket per 55 lb 25 kg of leaves, to create a phase separation in which the cocaine free base in the gasoline was acidified and extracted into a few buckets of “murky-looking smelly liquid”. Once powdered caustic soda was added to this, the cocaine precipitated and could be removed by filtration through a cloth. The resulting material, when dried, was termed pasta and sold by the farmer. The pound yearly harvest of leaves from a hectare produced 6 lb 2.
Repeated recrystallization from solvents, producing pasta lavada and eventually crystalline cocaine were performed at specialized laboratories after the sale. Attempts to eradicate coca fields through the use of defoliants have devastated part of the farming economy in some coca-growing regions of Colombia, and strains appear to have been developed that are more resistant or immune to their use.
Whether these strains are natural mutations or the product of human tampering is unclear. These strains have also shown to be more potent than those previously grown, increasing profits for the drug cartels responsible for the exporting of cocaine.
Although production fell temporarily, coca crops rebounded in numerous smaller fields in Colombia, rather than the larger plantations. The cultivation of coca has become an attractive economic decision for many growers due to the combination of several factors, including the lack of other employment alternatives, the lower profitability of alternative crops in official crop substitution programs, the eradication-related damages to non-drug farms, the spread of new strains of the coca plant due to persistent worldwide demand.
The latest estimate provided by the U. As of the end of , the seizure operations of Colombian cocaine carried out in different countries have totaled Department of State’s estimates. Synthesizing cocaine could eliminate the high visibility and low reliability of offshore sources and international smuggling, replacing them with clandestine domestic laboratories, as are common for illicit methamphetamine , but is rarely done.
Natural cocaine remains the lowest cost and highest quality supply of cocaine. Formation of inactive stereoisomers cocaine has four chiral centres — 1 R 2 R , 3 S , and 5 S , two of them dependent, hence eight possible stereoisomers plus synthetic by-products limits the yield and purity. Organized criminal gangs operating on a large scale dominate the cocaine trade. The primary cocaine importation points in the United States have been in Arizona , southern California , southern Florida , and Texas.
Typically, land vehicles are driven across the U. Sixty-five percent of cocaine enters the United States through Mexico, and the vast majority of the rest enters through Florida. Cocaine traffickers from Colombia and Mexico have established a labyrinth of smuggling routes throughout the Caribbean, the Bahama Island chain, and South Florida. They often hire traffickers from Mexico or the Dominican Republic to transport the drug using a variety of smuggling techniques to U. These include airdrops of to kg 1, to 1, lb in the Bahama Islands or off the coast of Puerto Rico , mid-ocean boat-to-boat transfers of to 2, kg 1, to 4, lb , and the commercial shipment of tonnes of cocaine through the port of Miami.
Another route of cocaine traffic goes through Chile, which is primarily used for cocaine produced in Bolivia since the nearest seaports lie in northern Chile.
While the price of cocaine is higher in Chile than in Peru and Bolivia, the final destination is usually Europe, especially Spain where drug dealing networks exist among South American immigrants. Cocaine is also carried in small, concealed, kilogram quantities across the border by couriers known as ” mules ” or “mulas” , who cross a border either legally, for example, through a port or airport, or illegally elsewhere.
The drugs may be strapped to the waist or legs or hidden in bags, or hidden in the body. If the mule gets through without being caught, the gangs will reap most of the profits.
If caught, gangs will sever all links and the mule will usually stand trial for trafficking alone. Bulk cargo ships are also used to smuggle cocaine to staging sites in the western Caribbean— Gulf of Mexico area. These vessels are typically —foot 50—80 m coastal freighters that carry an average cocaine load of approximately 2. Commercial fishing vessels are also used for smuggling operations. In areas with a high volume of recreational traffic, smugglers use the same types of vessels, such as go-fast boats , like those used by the local populations.
Sophisticated drug subs are the latest tool drug runners are using to bring cocaine north from Colombia, it was reported on 20 March Although the vessels were once viewed as a quirky sideshow in the drug war, they are becoming faster, more seaworthy, and capable of carrying bigger loads of drugs than earlier models, according to those charged with catching them.
Cocaine is readily available in all major countries’ metropolitan areas. According to the Summer Pulse Check , published by the U.
In the West, cocaine usage was lower, which was thought to be due to a switch to methamphetamine among some users; methamphetamine is cheaper, three and a half times more powerful, and lasts 12—24 times longer with each dose. These amounts and prices are very popular among young people because they are inexpensive and easily concealed on one’s body.
Quality and price can vary dramatically depending on supply and demand, and on geographic region. Between and , the value of the market remained basically stable”.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Tropane alkaloid and stimulant drug. For other uses, see Cocaine disambiguation. US DailyMed : Cocaine. IUPAC name. Methyl 1 R ,2 R ,3 S ,5 S benzoyloxy methylazabicyclo[3.
DB Y. D Y. Interactive image. See also: Crack cocaine. Main article: Cocaine intoxication. See also: Epigenetics of cocaine addiction. Main article: Prenatal cocaine exposure. Main article: Freebase chemistry. Main article: Crack cocaine. Main article: Biosynthesis of cocaine.
Main article: List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use. Main article: Cocaine in the United States. Main article: Legal status of cocaine. See also: Cocaine in the United States. Medicine portal. ISBN Retrieved 30 April Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 10 September Abingdon: CRC Press.
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Cocaine constricts blood vessels , dilates pupils , and increases body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. It can also cause headaches and gastrointestinal complications such as abdominal pain and nausea. A common but untrue belief is that the smoking of cocaine chemically breaks down tooth enamel and causes tooth decay. Cocaine can cause involuntary tooth grinding, known as bruxism , which can deteriorate tooth enamel and lead to gingivitis. Since saliva is an important mechanism in maintaining one’s oral pH level, people who use cocaine over a long period of time who do not hydrate sufficiently may experience demineralization of their teeth due to the pH of the tooth surface dropping too low below 5.
Cocaine use also promotes the formation of blood clots. Chronic intranasal usage can degrade the cartilage separating the nostrils the septum nasi , leading eventually to its complete disappearance.
Due to the absorption of the cocaine from cocaine hydrochloride, the remaining hydrochloride forms a dilute hydrochloric acid. Illicitly-sold cocaine may be contaminated with levamisole. Cocaine use leads to an increased risk of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes. This change can be identified rather quickly, and may be sustained weeks after the last dose of the drug. DNA damage is increased in the brain of rodents by administration of cocaine.
Cocaine dependence develops after even brief periods of regular cocaine use [92] and produces a withdrawal state with emotional-motivational deficits upon cessation of cocaine use. Crack baby is a term for a child born to a mother who used crack cocaine during her pregnancy. The threat that cocaine use during pregnancy poses to the fetus is now considered exaggerated. Many recall that “crack babies”, or babies born to mothers who used crack cocaine while pregnant, were at one time written off by many as a lost generation.
They were predicted to suffer from severe, irreversible damage, including reduced intelligence and social skills. It was later found that this was a gross exaggeration. However, the fact that most of these children appear normal should not be over-interpreted as indicating that there is no cause for concern. Using sophisticated technologies, scientists are now finding that exposure to cocaine during fetal development may lead to subtle, yet significant, later deficits in some children, including deficits in some aspects of cognitive performance, information-processing, and attention to tasks—abilities that are important for success in school.
There are also warnings about the threat of breastfeeding : The March of Dimes said “it is likely that cocaine will reach the baby through breast milk,” and advises the following regarding cocaine use during pregnancy:. Cocaine use during pregnancy can affect a pregnant woman and her unborn baby in many ways. During the early months of pregnancy, it may increase the risk of miscarriage. Later in pregnancy, it can trigger preterm labor labor that occurs before 37 weeks of pregnancy or cause the baby to grow poorly.
As a result, cocaine-exposed babies are more likely than unexposed babies to be born with low birth weight less than 5. Low-birthweight babies are 20 times more likely to die in their first month of life than normal-weight babies, and face an increased risk of lifelong disabilities such as mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Cocaine-exposed babies also tend to have smaller heads, which generally reflect smaller brains. Some studies suggest that cocaine-exposed babies are at increased risk of birth defects, including urinary tract defects and, possibly, heart defects.
Cocaine also may cause an unborn baby to have a stroke, irreversible brain damage, or a heart attack. Persons with regular or problematic use of cocaine have a significantly higher rate of death, and are specifically at higher risk of traumatic deaths and deaths attributable to infectious disease.
The extent of absorption of cocaine into the systemic circulation after nasal insufflation is similar to that after oral ingestion. The rate of absorption after nasal insufflation is somewhat limited by cocaine-induced vasoconstriction of capillaries in the nasal mucosa. The onset of absorption after oral ingestion is delayed because cocaine is a weak base with a pKa of 8.
The delay in absorption after oral ingestion may account for the popular belief that cocaine bioavailability from the stomach is lower than after insufflation. Compared to ingestion, the faster absorption of insufflated cocaine results in quicker attainment of maximum drug effects.
Snorting cocaine produces maximum physiological effects within 40 minutes and maximum psychotropic effects within 20 minutes. Physiological and psychotropic effects from nasally insufflated cocaine are sustained for approximately 40—60 minutes after the peak effects are attained. Cocaine has a short elimination half life of 0. Depending on liver and kidney function, cocaine metabolites are detectable in urine. Detection of cocaine metabolites in hair is possible in regular users until the sections of hair grown during use are cut or fall out.
Dopamine neurotransmitter released during neural signaling is normally recycled via the transporter; i. Cocaine binds tightly at the dopamine transporter forming a complex that blocks the transporter’s function. The dopamine transporter can no longer perform its reuptake function, and thus dopamine accumulates in the synaptic cleft. The increased concentration of dopamine in the synapse activates post-synaptic dopamine receptors, which makes the drug rewarding and promotes the compulsive use of cocaine.
Cocaine affects certain serotonin 5-HT receptors; in particular, it has been shown to antagonize the 5-HT3 receptor , which is a ligand-gated ion channel. An overabundance of 5-HT3 receptors is reported in cocaine-conditioned rats, though 5-HT3’s role is unclear.
Cocaine has been demonstrated to bind as to directly stabilize the DAT transporter on the open outward-facing conformation. Further, cocaine binds in such a way as to inhibit a hydrogen bond innate to DAT. Cocaine’s binding properties are such that it attaches so this hydrogen bond will not form and is blocked from formation due to the tightly locked orientation of the cocaine molecule.
Research studies have suggested that the affinity for the transporter is not what is involved in the habituation of the substance so much as the conformation and binding properties to where and how on the transporter the molecule binds. Sigma receptors are affected by cocaine, as cocaine functions as a sigma ligand agonist. Cocaine also blocks sodium channels , thereby interfering with the propagation of action potentials ; [] [71] thus, like lignocaine and novocaine , it acts as a local anesthetic.
It also functions on the binding sites to the dopamine and serotonin sodium dependent transport area as targets as separate mechanisms from its reuptake of those transporters; unique to its local anesthetic value which makes it in a class of functionality different from both its own derived phenyltropanes analogues which have that removed. In addition to this, cocaine has some target binding to the site of the Kappa-opioid receptor. Recent research points to an important role of circadian mechanisms [] and clock genes [] in behavioral actions of cocaine.
Cocaine effects, further, are shown to be potentiated for the user when used in conjunction with new surroundings and stimuli, and otherwise novel environs.
Cocaine in its purest form is a white, pearly product. Cocaine appearing in powder form is a salt , typically cocaine hydrochloride. Street cocaine is often adulterated or “cut” with talc , lactose , sucrose , glucose , mannitol , inositol , caffeine , procaine , phencyclidine , phenytoin , lignocaine , strychnine , levamisole , amphetamine , or heroin. The color of “crack” cocaine depends upon several factors including the origin of the cocaine used, the method of preparation — with ammonia or baking soda — and the presence of impurities.
It will generally range from white to a yellowish cream to a light brown. Its texture will also depend on the adulterants, origin, and processing of the powdered cocaine, and the method of converting the base. It ranges from a crumbly texture, sometimes extremely oily, to a hard, almost crystalline nature. Cocaine — a tropane alkaloid — is a weakly alkaline compound, and can therefore combine with acidic compounds to form salts.
Different salts dissolve to a greater or lesser extent in various solvents — the hydrochloride salt is polar in character and is quite soluble in water. As the name implies, “freebase” is the base form of cocaine, as opposed to the salt form.
It is practically insoluble in water whereas hydrochloride salt is water-soluble. Smoking freebase cocaine has the additional effect of releasing methylecgonidine into the user’s system due to the pyrolysis of the substance a side effect which insufflating or injecting powder cocaine does not create.
Some research suggests that smoking freebase cocaine can be even more cardiotoxic than other routes of administration [] because of methylecgonidine’s effects on lung tissue [] and liver tissue. Pure cocaine is prepared by neutralizing its compounding salt with an alkaline solution, which will precipitate non-polar basic cocaine.
It is further refined through aqueous-solvent liquid—liquid extraction. Crack is usually smoked in a glass pipe, and once inhaled, it passes from the lungs directly to the central nervous system , producing an almost immediate “high” that can be very powerful — this initial crescendo of stimulation is known as a “rush”.
This is followed by an equally intense low, leaving the user craving more drug. Addiction to crack usually occurs with four to six weeks; much more rapidly than with regular cocaine. This effectively destroys some of the cocaine and yields a sharp, acrid, and foul-tasting smoke.
The origin of the name “crack” comes from the “crackling” sound and hence the onomatopoeic moniker “crack” that is produced when the cocaine and its impurities i.
Coca herbal infusion also referred to as coca tea is used in coca-leaf producing countries much as any herbal medicinal infusion would elsewhere in the world. The free and legal commercialization of dried coca leaves under the form of filtration bags to be used as “coca tea” has been actively promoted by the governments of Peru and Bolivia for many years as a drink having medicinal powers.
In Peru, the National Coca Company , a state-run corporation, sells cocaine-infused teas and other medicinal products and also exports leaves to the U. Visitors to the city of Cuzco in Peru, and La Paz in Bolivia are greeted with the offering of coca leaf infusions prepared in teapots with whole coca leaves purportedly to help the newly arrived traveler overcome the malaise of high altitude sickness.
One study on coca leaf infusion used with counseling in the treatment of 23 addicted coca-paste smokers in Lima , Peru found that the relapses rate fell from 4. The duration of abstinence increased from an average of 32 days before treatment to This suggests that coca leaf infusion plus counseling may be effective at preventing relapse during cocaine addiction treatment.
There is little information on the pharmacological and toxicological effects of consuming coca tea. Urine specimens were also analyzed from an individual who consumed one cup of coca tea and it was determined that enough cocaine and cocaine-related metabolites were present to produce a positive drug test. Since then, Robert Robinson and Edward Leete have made significant contributions to the mechanism of the synthesis. The second addition occurs through a Claisen condensation.
This produces a racemic mixture of the 2-substituted pyrrolidine, with the retention of the thioester from the Claisen condensation. In formation of tropinone from racemic ethyl [2,C 2 ] 4 Nmethylpyrrolidinyl oxobutanoate there is no preference for either stereoisomer. The stereoselectivity of this reaction was further investigated through study of prochiral methylene hydrogen discrimination. The benzoyl moiety required for the formation of the cocaine diester is synthesized from phenylalanine via cinnamic acid.
The biosynthesis begins with L- Glutamine , which is derived to L- ornithine in plants. The major contribution of L-ornithine and L- arginine as a precursor to the tropane ring was confirmed by Edward Leete. In some animals, the urea cycle derives putrescine from ornithine.
L-ornithine is converted to L-arginine, [] which is then decarboxylated via PLP to form agmatine. Hydrolysis of the imine derives N -carbamoylputrescine followed with hydrolysis of the urea to form putrescine.
The separate pathways of converting ornithine to putrescine in plants and animals have converged. A SAM-dependent N -methylation of putrescine gives the N -methylputrescine product, which then undergoes oxidative deamination by the action of diamine oxidase to yield the aminoaldehyde.
The biosynthesis of the tropane alkaloid is still not understood. Hemscheidt proposes that Robinson’s acetonedicarboxylate emerges as a potential intermediate for this reaction. Decarboxylation leads to tropane alkaloid formation. The reduction of tropinone is mediated by NADPH -dependent reductase enzymes, which have been characterized in multiple plant species.
Cocaine and its major metabolites may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to monitor for use, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or sudden death.
Most commercial cocaine immunoassay screening tests cross-react appreciably with the major cocaine metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and separately measure each of these substances.
When interpreting the results of a test, it is important to consider the cocaine usage history of the individual, since a chronic user can develop tolerance to doses that would incapacitate a cocaine-naive individual, and the chronic user often has high baseline values of the metabolites in his system.
Cautious interpretation of testing results may allow a distinction between passive or active usage, and between smoking versus other routes of administration. Cocaine may be detected by law enforcement using the Scott reagent.
The test can easily generate false positives for common substances and must be confirmed with a laboratory test. The shade of brown shown by the chloroform is proportional to the cocaine content. This test is not cross sensitive to heroin, methamphetamine, benzocaine, procaine and a number of other drugs but other chemicals could cause false positives. According to a United Nations report, England and Wales are the countries with the highest rate of cocaine usage 2.
Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in Europe behind cannabis. Since the mids, overall cocaine usage in Europe has been on the rise, but usage rates and attitudes tend to vary between countries. Approximately 17 million Europeans 5. About 1. The ratio of male to female users is approximately 3. In London had the highest amount of cocaine in its sewage out of 50 European cities.
Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in the United States behind cannabis [] and the U. In the s and s, the drug became particularly popular in the disco culture as cocaine usage was very common and popular in many discos such as Studio Treatment with contingency management , such as providing vouchers for retail items contingent upon objectively-verified abstinence from recent drug use, has been shown in randomized clinical trials to significantly reduce the likelihood of having a positive test for the presence of cocaine.
TA-CD is an active vaccine [] developed by the Xenova Group which is used to negate the effects of cocaine, making it suitable for use in treatment of addiction. It is created by combining norcocaine with inactivated cholera toxin. Indigenous peoples of South America have chewed the leaves of Erythroxylon coca — a plant that contains vital nutrients as well as numerous alkaloids , including cocaine — for over a thousand years.
The remains of coca leaves have been found with ancient Peruvian mummies, and pottery from the time period depicts humans with bulged cheeks, indicating the presence of something on which they are chewing.
When the Spanish arrived in South America , the conquistadors at first banned coca as an “evil agent of devil”. When they wished to make themselves drunk and out of judgment they chewed a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves which make them go as they were out of their wittes.
In , Padre Blas Valera wrote:. Coca protects the body from many ailments, and our doctors use it in powdered form to reduce the swelling of wounds, to strengthen broken bones, to expel cold from the body or prevent it from entering, and to cure rotten wounds or sores that are full of maggots. And if it does so much for outward ailments, will not its singular virtue have even greater effect in the entrails of those who eat it? Although the stimulant and hunger-suppressant properties of coca had been known for many centuries, the isolation of the cocaine alkaloid was not achieved until Various European scientists had attempted to isolate cocaine, but none had been successful for two reasons: the knowledge of chemistry required was insufficient at the time, and contemporary conditions of sea-shipping from South America could degrade the cocaine in the plant samples available to European chemists.
The cocaine alkaloid was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke in Gaedcke named the alkaloid “erythroxyline”, and published a description in the journal Archiv der Pharmazie. Carl Scherzer , a scientist aboard the Novara an Austrian frigate sent by Emperor Franz Joseph to circle the globe , to bring him a large amount of coca leaves from South America.
He wrote of the alkaloid’s “colourless transparent prisms” and said that “Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue. Because of the former use of cocaine as a local anesthetic , a suffix “-caine” was later extracted and used to form names of synthetic local anesthetics.
With the discovery of this new alkaloid, Western medicine was quick to exploit the possible uses of this plant. He prepared two separate jars, one containing a cocaine-salt solution, with the other containing merely saltwater. He then submerged a frog’s legs into the two jars, one leg in the treatment and one in the control solution, and proceeded to stimulate the legs in several different ways.
The leg that had been immersed in the cocaine solution reacted very differently from the leg that had been immersed in saltwater. Karl Koller a close associate of Sigmund Freud , who would write about cocaine later experimented with cocaine for ophthalmic usage.
In an infamous experiment in , he experimented upon himself by applying a cocaine solution to his own eye and then pricking it with pins. His findings were presented to the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society. Also in , Jellinek demonstrated the effects of cocaine as a respiratory system anesthetic. In , William Halsted demonstrated nerve-block anesthesia, [] and James Leonard Corning demonstrated peridural anesthesia.
In , an Italian doctor , Paolo Mantegazza , returned from Peru , where he had witnessed first-hand the use of coca by the local indigenous peoples. He proceeded to experiment on himself and upon his return to Milan , he wrote a paper in which he described the effects.
In this paper, he declared coca and cocaine at the time they were assumed to be the same as being useful medicinally, in the treatment of “a furred tongue in the morning, flatulence , and whitening of the teeth. A chemist named Angelo Mariani who read Mantegazza’s paper became immediately intrigued with coca and its economic potential.
In , Mariani started marketing a wine called Vin Mariani , which had been treated with coca leaves, to become coca wine. The ethanol in wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the drink’s effect. It contained 6 mg cocaine per ounce of wine, but Vin Mariani which was to be exported contained 7. A “pinch of coca leaves” was included in John Styth Pemberton ‘s original recipe for Coca-Cola , though the company began using decocainized leaves in when the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed.
In cocaine began to be used to treat morphine addiction. Exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which in no way differs from the normal euphoria of the healthy person. You perceive an increase of self-control and possess more vitality and capacity for work. In other words, you are simply normal, and it is soon hard to believe you are under the influence of any drug.
Long intensive physical work is performed without any fatigue. This result is enjoyed without any of the unpleasant after-effects that follow exhilaration brought about by alcoholic beverages.
No craving for the further use of cocaine appears after the first, or even after repeated taking of the drug. By the U. By the late Victorian era , cocaine use had appeared as a vice in literature. For example, it was injected by Arthur Conan Doyle ‘s fictional Sherlock Holmes , generally to offset the boredom he felt when he was not working on a case.
In early 20th-century Memphis, Tennessee , cocaine was sold in neighborhood drugstores on Beale Street , costing five or ten cents for a small boxful. Stevedores along the Mississippi River used the drug as a stimulant, and white employers encouraged its use by black laborers.
In the song ” Minnie the Moocher “, Cab Calloway heavily references cocaine use. He uses the phrase “kicking the gong around”, slang for cocaine use; describes titular character Minnie as “tall and skinny;” and describes Smokey Joe as “cokey”. During the mids, amidst World War II, cocaine was considered for inclusion as an ingredient of a future generation of ‘pep pills’ for the German military, code named D-IX.
In modern popular culture, references to cocaine are common. The drug has a glamorous image associated with the wealthy, famous and powerful, and is said to make users “feel rich and beautiful”. In many countries, cocaine is a popular recreational drug. In the United States, the development of “crack” cocaine introduced the substance to a generally poorer inner-city market. The use of the powder form has stayed relatively constant, experiencing a new height of use during the late s and early s in the U.
Cocaine use is prevalent across all socioeconomic strata, including age, demographics, economic, social, political, religious, and livelihood. The estimated U. An American representative in the World Health Assembly banned the publication of the study, because it seemed to make a case for the positive uses of cocaine.
An excerpt of the report strongly conflicted with accepted paradigms, for example, “that occasional cocaine use does not typically lead to severe or even minor physical or social problems. This led to the decision to discontinue publication. A part of the study was recuperated and published in , including profiles of cocaine use in 20 countries, but are unavailable as of [update].
In October it was reported that the use of cocaine in Australia has doubled since monitoring began in A problem with illegal cocaine use, especially in the higher volumes used to combat fatigue rather than increase euphoria by long-term users, is the risk of ill effects or damage caused by the compounds used in adulteration.
The normal adulterants for profit are inactive sugars, usually mannitol, creatine, or glucose, so introducing active adulterants gives the illusion of purity and to ‘stretch’ or make it so a dealer can sell more product than without the adulterants.
The production, distribution, and sale of cocaine products is restricted and illegal in most contexts in most countries as regulated by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs , and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. In the United States the manufacture, importation, possession, and distribution of cocaine are additionally regulated by the Controlled Substances Act.
Some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia, permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local indigenous population , but nevertheless, prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of cocaine.
The US federal government instituted a national labeling requirement for cocaine and cocaine-containing products through the Pure Food and Drug Act of While this act is often seen as the start of prohibition, the act itself was not actually a prohibition on cocaine, but instead set up a regulatory and licensing regime. Before the early s, the primary problem caused by cocaine use was portrayed by newspapers to be addiction, not violence or crime, and the cocaine user was represented as an upper- or middle-class White person.
In , according to the United Nations , tonnes of cocaine were seized globally by law enforcement authorities. Colombia seized t, the United States t, Europe 79 t, Peru 14 t, Bolivia 9 t, and the rest of the world t.
Colombia is as of the world’s largest cocaine producer, with production more than tripling since This, combined with crop reductions in Bolivia and Peru, made Colombia the nation with the largest area of coca under cultivation after the mids. Coca grown for traditional purposes by indigenous communities, a use which is still present and is permitted by Colombian laws, only makes up a small fragment of total coca production, most of which is used for the illegal drug trade.
An interview with a coca farmer published in described a mode of production by acid-base extraction that has changed little since Roughly pounds kg of leaves were harvested per hectare , six times per year. The leaves were dried for half a day, then chopped into small pieces with a string trimmer and sprinkled with a small amount of powdered cement replacing sodium carbonate from former times.
Several hundred pounds of this mixture were soaked in 50 US gallons L of gasoline for a day, then the gasoline was removed and the leaves were pressed for the remaining liquid, after which they could be discarded. Then battery acid weak sulfuric acid was used, one bucket per 55 lb 25 kg of leaves, to create a phase separation in which the cocaine free base in the gasoline was acidified and extracted into a few buckets of “murky-looking smelly liquid”.
Once powdered caustic soda was added to this, the cocaine precipitated and could be removed by filtration through a cloth. The resulting material, when dried, was termed pasta and sold by the farmer. The pound yearly harvest of leaves from a hectare produced 6 lb 2. Repeated recrystallization from solvents, producing pasta lavada and eventually crystalline cocaine were performed at specialized laboratories after the sale.
Attempts to eradicate coca fields through the use of defoliants have devastated part of the farming economy in some coca-growing regions of Colombia, and strains appear to have been developed that are more resistant or immune to their use.
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The cocaine alkaloid was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke in Gaedcke named the alkaloid “erythroxyline”, and published a description in the journal Archiv der Pharmazie. Carl Scherzer , a scientist aboard the Novara an Austrian frigate sent by Emperor Franz Joseph to circle the globe , to bring him a large amount of coca leaves from South America. He wrote of the alkaloid’s “colourless transparent prisms” and said that “Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue.
Because of the former use of cocaine as a local anesthetic , a suffix “-caine” was later extracted and used to form names of synthetic local anesthetics. With the discovery of this new alkaloid, Western medicine was quick to exploit the possible uses of this plant. He prepared two separate jars, one containing a cocaine-salt solution, with the other containing merely saltwater. He then submerged a frog’s legs into the two jars, one leg in the treatment and one in the control solution, and proceeded to stimulate the legs in several different ways.
The leg that had been immersed in the cocaine solution reacted very differently from the leg that had been immersed in saltwater. Karl Koller a close associate of Sigmund Freud , who would write about cocaine later experimented with cocaine for ophthalmic usage. In an infamous experiment in , he experimented upon himself by applying a cocaine solution to his own eye and then pricking it with pins.
His findings were presented to the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society. Also in , Jellinek demonstrated the effects of cocaine as a respiratory system anesthetic. In , William Halsted demonstrated nerve-block anesthesia, [] and James Leonard Corning demonstrated peridural anesthesia. In , an Italian doctor , Paolo Mantegazza , returned from Peru , where he had witnessed first-hand the use of coca by the local indigenous peoples.
He proceeded to experiment on himself and upon his return to Milan , he wrote a paper in which he described the effects. In this paper, he declared coca and cocaine at the time they were assumed to be the same as being useful medicinally, in the treatment of “a furred tongue in the morning, flatulence , and whitening of the teeth.
A chemist named Angelo Mariani who read Mantegazza’s paper became immediately intrigued with coca and its economic potential. In , Mariani started marketing a wine called Vin Mariani , which had been treated with coca leaves, to become coca wine. The ethanol in wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the drink’s effect. It contained 6 mg cocaine per ounce of wine, but Vin Mariani which was to be exported contained 7.
A “pinch of coca leaves” was included in John Styth Pemberton ‘s original recipe for Coca-Cola , though the company began using decocainized leaves in when the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed. In cocaine began to be used to treat morphine addiction. Exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which in no way differs from the normal euphoria of the healthy person.
You perceive an increase of self-control and possess more vitality and capacity for work. In other words, you are simply normal, and it is soon hard to believe you are under the influence of any drug. Long intensive physical work is performed without any fatigue. This result is enjoyed without any of the unpleasant after-effects that follow exhilaration brought about by alcoholic beverages.
No craving for the further use of cocaine appears after the first, or even after repeated taking of the drug. By the U. By the late Victorian era , cocaine use had appeared as a vice in literature. For example, it was injected by Arthur Conan Doyle ‘s fictional Sherlock Holmes , generally to offset the boredom he felt when he was not working on a case. In early 20th-century Memphis, Tennessee , cocaine was sold in neighborhood drugstores on Beale Street , costing five or ten cents for a small boxful.
Stevedores along the Mississippi River used the drug as a stimulant, and white employers encouraged its use by black laborers. In the song ” Minnie the Moocher “, Cab Calloway heavily references cocaine use. He uses the phrase “kicking the gong around”, slang for cocaine use; describes titular character Minnie as “tall and skinny;” and describes Smokey Joe as “cokey”.
During the mids, amidst World War II, cocaine was considered for inclusion as an ingredient of a future generation of ‘pep pills’ for the German military, code named D-IX. In modern popular culture, references to cocaine are common. The drug has a glamorous image associated with the wealthy, famous and powerful, and is said to make users “feel rich and beautiful”.
In many countries, cocaine is a popular recreational drug. In the United States, the development of “crack” cocaine introduced the substance to a generally poorer inner-city market.
The use of the powder form has stayed relatively constant, experiencing a new height of use during the late s and early s in the U. Cocaine use is prevalent across all socioeconomic strata, including age, demographics, economic, social, political, religious, and livelihood.
The estimated U. An American representative in the World Health Assembly banned the publication of the study, because it seemed to make a case for the positive uses of cocaine. An excerpt of the report strongly conflicted with accepted paradigms, for example, “that occasional cocaine use does not typically lead to severe or even minor physical or social problems. This led to the decision to discontinue publication. A part of the study was recuperated and published in , including profiles of cocaine use in 20 countries, but are unavailable as of [update].
In October it was reported that the use of cocaine in Australia has doubled since monitoring began in A problem with illegal cocaine use, especially in the higher volumes used to combat fatigue rather than increase euphoria by long-term users, is the risk of ill effects or damage caused by the compounds used in adulteration.
The normal adulterants for profit are inactive sugars, usually mannitol, creatine, or glucose, so introducing active adulterants gives the illusion of purity and to ‘stretch’ or make it so a dealer can sell more product than without the adulterants. The production, distribution, and sale of cocaine products is restricted and illegal in most contexts in most countries as regulated by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs , and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
In the United States the manufacture, importation, possession, and distribution of cocaine are additionally regulated by the Controlled Substances Act. Some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia, permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local indigenous population , but nevertheless, prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of cocaine.
The US federal government instituted a national labeling requirement for cocaine and cocaine-containing products through the Pure Food and Drug Act of While this act is often seen as the start of prohibition, the act itself was not actually a prohibition on cocaine, but instead set up a regulatory and licensing regime. Before the early s, the primary problem caused by cocaine use was portrayed by newspapers to be addiction, not violence or crime, and the cocaine user was represented as an upper- or middle-class White person.
In , according to the United Nations , tonnes of cocaine were seized globally by law enforcement authorities. Colombia seized t, the United States t, Europe 79 t, Peru 14 t, Bolivia 9 t, and the rest of the world t. Colombia is as of the world’s largest cocaine producer, with production more than tripling since This, combined with crop reductions in Bolivia and Peru, made Colombia the nation with the largest area of coca under cultivation after the mids. Coca grown for traditional purposes by indigenous communities, a use which is still present and is permitted by Colombian laws, only makes up a small fragment of total coca production, most of which is used for the illegal drug trade.
An interview with a coca farmer published in described a mode of production by acid-base extraction that has changed little since Roughly pounds kg of leaves were harvested per hectare , six times per year. The leaves were dried for half a day, then chopped into small pieces with a string trimmer and sprinkled with a small amount of powdered cement replacing sodium carbonate from former times. Several hundred pounds of this mixture were soaked in 50 US gallons L of gasoline for a day, then the gasoline was removed and the leaves were pressed for the remaining liquid, after which they could be discarded.
Then battery acid weak sulfuric acid was used, one bucket per 55 lb 25 kg of leaves, to create a phase separation in which the cocaine free base in the gasoline was acidified and extracted into a few buckets of “murky-looking smelly liquid”. Once powdered caustic soda was added to this, the cocaine precipitated and could be removed by filtration through a cloth.
The resulting material, when dried, was termed pasta and sold by the farmer. The pound yearly harvest of leaves from a hectare produced 6 lb 2. Repeated recrystallization from solvents, producing pasta lavada and eventually crystalline cocaine were performed at specialized laboratories after the sale.
Attempts to eradicate coca fields through the use of defoliants have devastated part of the farming economy in some coca-growing regions of Colombia, and strains appear to have been developed that are more resistant or immune to their use.
Whether these strains are natural mutations or the product of human tampering is unclear. These strains have also shown to be more potent than those previously grown, increasing profits for the drug cartels responsible for the exporting of cocaine. Although production fell temporarily, coca crops rebounded in numerous smaller fields in Colombia, rather than the larger plantations.
The cultivation of coca has become an attractive economic decision for many growers due to the combination of several factors, including the lack of other employment alternatives, the lower profitability of alternative crops in official crop substitution programs, the eradication-related damages to non-drug farms, the spread of new strains of the coca plant due to persistent worldwide demand.
The latest estimate provided by the U. As of the end of , the seizure operations of Colombian cocaine carried out in different countries have totaled Department of State’s estimates. Synthesizing cocaine could eliminate the high visibility and low reliability of offshore sources and international smuggling, replacing them with clandestine domestic laboratories, as are common for illicit methamphetamine , but is rarely done.
Natural cocaine remains the lowest cost and highest quality supply of cocaine. Formation of inactive stereoisomers cocaine has four chiral centres — 1 R 2 R , 3 S , and 5 S , two of them dependent, hence eight possible stereoisomers plus synthetic by-products limits the yield and purity.
Organized criminal gangs operating on a large scale dominate the cocaine trade. The primary cocaine importation points in the United States have been in Arizona , southern California , southern Florida , and Texas.
Typically, land vehicles are driven across the U. Sixty-five percent of cocaine enters the United States through Mexico, and the vast majority of the rest enters through Florida. Cocaine traffickers from Colombia and Mexico have established a labyrinth of smuggling routes throughout the Caribbean, the Bahama Island chain, and South Florida.
They often hire traffickers from Mexico or the Dominican Republic to transport the drug using a variety of smuggling techniques to U. These include airdrops of to kg 1, to 1, lb in the Bahama Islands or off the coast of Puerto Rico , mid-ocean boat-to-boat transfers of to 2, kg 1, to 4, lb , and the commercial shipment of tonnes of cocaine through the port of Miami. Another route of cocaine traffic goes through Chile, which is primarily used for cocaine produced in Bolivia since the nearest seaports lie in northern Chile.
While the price of cocaine is higher in Chile than in Peru and Bolivia, the final destination is usually Europe, especially Spain where drug dealing networks exist among South American immigrants. Cocaine is also carried in small, concealed, kilogram quantities across the border by couriers known as ” mules ” or “mulas” , who cross a border either legally, for example, through a port or airport, or illegally elsewhere.
The drugs may be strapped to the waist or legs or hidden in bags, or hidden in the body. If the mule gets through without being caught, the gangs will reap most of the profits. If caught, gangs will sever all links and the mule will usually stand trial for trafficking alone. Bulk cargo ships are also used to smuggle cocaine to staging sites in the western Caribbean— Gulf of Mexico area.
These vessels are typically —foot 50—80 m coastal freighters that carry an average cocaine load of approximately 2. Commercial fishing vessels are also used for smuggling operations.
In areas with a high volume of recreational traffic, smugglers use the same types of vessels, such as go-fast boats , like those used by the local populations. Sophisticated drug subs are the latest tool drug runners are using to bring cocaine north from Colombia, it was reported on 20 March Although the vessels were once viewed as a quirky sideshow in the drug war, they are becoming faster, more seaworthy, and capable of carrying bigger loads of drugs than earlier models, according to those charged with catching them.
Cocaine is readily available in all major countries’ metropolitan areas. According to the Summer Pulse Check , published by the U. In the West, cocaine usage was lower, which was thought to be due to a switch to methamphetamine among some users; methamphetamine is cheaper, three and a half times more powerful, and lasts 12—24 times longer with each dose. These amounts and prices are very popular among young people because they are inexpensive and easily concealed on one’s body.
Quality and price can vary dramatically depending on supply and demand, and on geographic region. Between and , the value of the market remained basically stable”.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Tropane alkaloid and stimulant drug. For other uses, see Cocaine disambiguation. US DailyMed : Cocaine.
IUPAC name. Methyl 1 R ,2 R ,3 S ,5 S benzoyloxy methylazabicyclo[3. DB Y. D Y. Interactive image. See also: Crack cocaine. Main article: Cocaine intoxication. See also: Epigenetics of cocaine addiction. Main article: Prenatal cocaine exposure. Main article: Freebase chemistry. Main article: Crack cocaine. Main article: Biosynthesis of cocaine.
Main article: List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use. Main article: Cocaine in the United States. Main article: Legal status of cocaine. See also: Cocaine in the United States. Medicine portal. ISBN Retrieved 30 April Cambridge University Press.
Archived from the original on 10 September Abingdon: CRC Press. The Neuroscientist. PMID S2CID Archived from the original on 9 August Retrieved 7 August European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.
Drug Metabolism and Disposition. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Critical Care Clinics. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Current Medicinal Chemistry. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Office-Based Laryngeal Surgery. USA: Springer. Analysis of the role of the proton-organic cation antiporter”. Biochemical Pharmacology. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. October The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. PMC Frontiers in Neurology. June European Psychiatry.
Annual Review of Psychology. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. Journal of Anthropological Research. Economic Botany. British Journal of Hospital Medicine. Drug Enforcement Agency. Retrieved 17 June The Laryngoscope Review.
Drug Safety. Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Neuroscience of psychoactive substance use and dependence. Archived from the original on 30 April International medical guide for ships. Drug and Alcohol Dependence Systematic Review. Critical Care Clinics Review. Personality Traits and Drug Consumption. A Story Told by Data.
Springer, Cham. Archived from the original PDF on 15 October National Institute on Drug Abuse. April Archived from the original on 11 July Retrieved 11 July Vertava Health.
Retrieved 25 February Life Sciences. Retrieved 14 June Archived from the original on 9 July Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. US Justice Dep. Archived from the original on 30 November Lincoln Journal Star. Archived from the original on 26 July Retrieved 21 August Archived from the original on 2 February Retrieved 23 January CiteSeerX Archived from the original on 28 November The American Journal of the Medical Sciences.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. Journal of Neurochemistry. Archived from the original on 4 April Retrieved 25 September Aggression and Violent Behavior.
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In the United States, the development of “crack” cocaine introduced the substance to a generally poorer inner-city market. The use of the powder form has stayed relatively constant, experiencing a new height of use during the late s and early s in the U. Cocaine use is prevalent across all socioeconomic strata, including age, demographics, economic, social, political, religious, and livelihood.
The estimated U. An American representative in the World Health Assembly banned the publication of the study, because it seemed to make a case for the positive uses of cocaine. An excerpt of the report strongly conflicted with accepted paradigms, for example, “that occasional cocaine use does not typically lead to severe or even minor physical or social problems. This led to the decision to discontinue publication. A part of the study was recuperated and published in , including profiles of cocaine use in 20 countries, but are unavailable as of [update].
In October it was reported that the use of cocaine in Australia has doubled since monitoring began in A problem with illegal cocaine use, especially in the higher volumes used to combat fatigue rather than increase euphoria by long-term users, is the risk of ill effects or damage caused by the compounds used in adulteration.
The normal adulterants for profit are inactive sugars, usually mannitol, creatine, or glucose, so introducing active adulterants gives the illusion of purity and to ‘stretch’ or make it so a dealer can sell more product than without the adulterants. The production, distribution, and sale of cocaine products is restricted and illegal in most contexts in most countries as regulated by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs , and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
In the United States the manufacture, importation, possession, and distribution of cocaine are additionally regulated by the Controlled Substances Act. Some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia, permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local indigenous population , but nevertheless, prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of cocaine.
The US federal government instituted a national labeling requirement for cocaine and cocaine-containing products through the Pure Food and Drug Act of While this act is often seen as the start of prohibition, the act itself was not actually a prohibition on cocaine, but instead set up a regulatory and licensing regime.
Before the early s, the primary problem caused by cocaine use was portrayed by newspapers to be addiction, not violence or crime, and the cocaine user was represented as an upper- or middle-class White person.
In , according to the United Nations , tonnes of cocaine were seized globally by law enforcement authorities. Colombia seized t, the United States t, Europe 79 t, Peru 14 t, Bolivia 9 t, and the rest of the world t.
Colombia is as of the world’s largest cocaine producer, with production more than tripling since This, combined with crop reductions in Bolivia and Peru, made Colombia the nation with the largest area of coca under cultivation after the mids.
Coca grown for traditional purposes by indigenous communities, a use which is still present and is permitted by Colombian laws, only makes up a small fragment of total coca production, most of which is used for the illegal drug trade. An interview with a coca farmer published in described a mode of production by acid-base extraction that has changed little since Roughly pounds kg of leaves were harvested per hectare , six times per year. The leaves were dried for half a day, then chopped into small pieces with a string trimmer and sprinkled with a small amount of powdered cement replacing sodium carbonate from former times.
Several hundred pounds of this mixture were soaked in 50 US gallons L of gasoline for a day, then the gasoline was removed and the leaves were pressed for the remaining liquid, after which they could be discarded. Then battery acid weak sulfuric acid was used, one bucket per 55 lb 25 kg of leaves, to create a phase separation in which the cocaine free base in the gasoline was acidified and extracted into a few buckets of “murky-looking smelly liquid”.
Once powdered caustic soda was added to this, the cocaine precipitated and could be removed by filtration through a cloth. The resulting material, when dried, was termed pasta and sold by the farmer. The pound yearly harvest of leaves from a hectare produced 6 lb 2. Repeated recrystallization from solvents, producing pasta lavada and eventually crystalline cocaine were performed at specialized laboratories after the sale.
Attempts to eradicate coca fields through the use of defoliants have devastated part of the farming economy in some coca-growing regions of Colombia, and strains appear to have been developed that are more resistant or immune to their use. Whether these strains are natural mutations or the product of human tampering is unclear.
These strains have also shown to be more potent than those previously grown, increasing profits for the drug cartels responsible for the exporting of cocaine. Although production fell temporarily, coca crops rebounded in numerous smaller fields in Colombia, rather than the larger plantations. The cultivation of coca has become an attractive economic decision for many growers due to the combination of several factors, including the lack of other employment alternatives, the lower profitability of alternative crops in official crop substitution programs, the eradication-related damages to non-drug farms, the spread of new strains of the coca plant due to persistent worldwide demand.
The latest estimate provided by the U. As of the end of , the seizure operations of Colombian cocaine carried out in different countries have totaled Department of State’s estimates.
Synthesizing cocaine could eliminate the high visibility and low reliability of offshore sources and international smuggling, replacing them with clandestine domestic laboratories, as are common for illicit methamphetamine , but is rarely done. Natural cocaine remains the lowest cost and highest quality supply of cocaine. Formation of inactive stereoisomers cocaine has four chiral centres — 1 R 2 R , 3 S , and 5 S , two of them dependent, hence eight possible stereoisomers plus synthetic by-products limits the yield and purity.
Organized criminal gangs operating on a large scale dominate the cocaine trade. The primary cocaine importation points in the United States have been in Arizona , southern California , southern Florida , and Texas.
Typically, land vehicles are driven across the U. Sixty-five percent of cocaine enters the United States through Mexico, and the vast majority of the rest enters through Florida. Cocaine traffickers from Colombia and Mexico have established a labyrinth of smuggling routes throughout the Caribbean, the Bahama Island chain, and South Florida.
They often hire traffickers from Mexico or the Dominican Republic to transport the drug using a variety of smuggling techniques to U.
These include airdrops of to kg 1, to 1, lb in the Bahama Islands or off the coast of Puerto Rico , mid-ocean boat-to-boat transfers of to 2, kg 1, to 4, lb , and the commercial shipment of tonnes of cocaine through the port of Miami. Another route of cocaine traffic goes through Chile, which is primarily used for cocaine produced in Bolivia since the nearest seaports lie in northern Chile.
While the price of cocaine is higher in Chile than in Peru and Bolivia, the final destination is usually Europe, especially Spain where drug dealing networks exist among South American immigrants.
Cocaine is also carried in small, concealed, kilogram quantities across the border by couriers known as ” mules ” or “mulas” , who cross a border either legally, for example, through a port or airport, or illegally elsewhere. The drugs may be strapped to the waist or legs or hidden in bags, or hidden in the body.
If the mule gets through without being caught, the gangs will reap most of the profits. If caught, gangs will sever all links and the mule will usually stand trial for trafficking alone. Bulk cargo ships are also used to smuggle cocaine to staging sites in the western Caribbean— Gulf of Mexico area. These vessels are typically —foot 50—80 m coastal freighters that carry an average cocaine load of approximately 2.
Commercial fishing vessels are also used for smuggling operations. In areas with a high volume of recreational traffic, smugglers use the same types of vessels, such as go-fast boats , like those used by the local populations. Sophisticated drug subs are the latest tool drug runners are using to bring cocaine north from Colombia, it was reported on 20 March Although the vessels were once viewed as a quirky sideshow in the drug war, they are becoming faster, more seaworthy, and capable of carrying bigger loads of drugs than earlier models, according to those charged with catching them.
Cocaine is readily available in all major countries’ metropolitan areas. According to the Summer Pulse Check , published by the U. In the West, cocaine usage was lower, which was thought to be due to a switch to methamphetamine among some users; methamphetamine is cheaper, three and a half times more powerful, and lasts 12—24 times longer with each dose.
These amounts and prices are very popular among young people because they are inexpensive and easily concealed on one’s body. Quality and price can vary dramatically depending on supply and demand, and on geographic region. Between and , the value of the market remained basically stable”. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Tropane alkaloid and stimulant drug. For other uses, see Cocaine disambiguation. US DailyMed : Cocaine. IUPAC name.
Methyl 1 R ,2 R ,3 S ,5 S benzoyloxy methylazabicyclo[3. DB Y. D Y. Interactive image. See also: Crack cocaine. Main article: Cocaine intoxication.
See also: Epigenetics of cocaine addiction. Main article: Prenatal cocaine exposure. Main article: Freebase chemistry. Main article: Crack cocaine.
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